—OP— 

Civil Governm 

— OF— 

INDIANA 




-SANDERS— 




Class __T4£jtU/" 

Book JUS 

Copyright^ ,53 

COF/RIGHT DEPOSIT. 



A MANUAL of 

Civil Government 

of INDIANA 

TOWNSHIP AND COUNTY 
TOWN AND CITY 



Describes the Legislature at Work. The Machinery of Political 
Parties. The Law of Contracts, Etc. Told in the Lan- 
guage of the Schoolroom for Citizens Large and Small. 



REVISED AND COPYRIGHTED BY 

LEROY SANDERS 

1913 



Published by 

MANUAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 

COVINGTON, INDIANA 



1\< 






To the school boy and school girl of Indiana, to the high 
school student, to the. hard-working teacher, and to citi- 
zens, who have often asked in vain the questions answered 
herein, this" little volume is respectfully inscribed. 

THE AUTHOR. 



TRANSFERriED fHOiVI 
•OPYRWHT OFFIOE 



AUG 8 1914 




Having been a teacher for several years — chiefly in 
high schools and teachers' normals, I realized the urgent 
need for such a text, and for that reason have compiled 
this "Manual." 

Yery truly yours, 




Jft?L<^/l^L 



-dj>yi4^ 




CHARLES A. GREATHOUSE, 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 



A Few Words in General. 

(It is suggested that classes will find it both interesting 
and profitable to prepare a list of questions on each 
chapter for use in recitation). 

Dear Young Citizens of Indiana: 

By Citizen, is meant not only the man who votes, but 
his wife, sister, sweetheart, son and daughter as well. So 
no matter which one of the six you are, this book was 
written for you. The writer assumes that you desire to 
know how the government of your Township and County 
is carried on; for that is the government with which 
every citizen comes in contact either directly or indirectly 
almost every day. 

In practically every High School course of study is a 
very interesting branch called " Civil Government" or 
" Civics." But it is the Civil Government of the United 
States, the national government, the relation of states to 
the Union, the powers and duties of the President, of 
Congress, of the Supreme Court, as those duties are de- 
scribed in the Constitution of the United States. This is 
considered a very valuable and a very inspiring study for 
every American. The better we understand our govern- 
ment, the higher and broader our patriotism. 

The Constitution of the United States does not contain 
either the word ' ' Township " or " County, ' ' and of course 
does not describe the powers and duties of township and 
county officials. It is only one person in a great many, 
in the course of a long life, who ever has, even just once, 
any direct dealings with the national government ; and it 
it not probable that more than one person in five hundred, 
of all who have lived in Indiana since the State was organ- 
ized ever shook hands with a president or wrote him a 
letter. But who is it that has never met and talked with 



and discussed official business with a Road Supervisor, or 
a Township Trustee, or a Township Assessor, or a County 
Treasurer, or a County Commissioner, or some official of 
the local government? 

It is altogether likely that you will often, in a perfectly 
honorable and peaceful way, come in contact with your 
local government, and may be elected to take charge of 
some part of it. In the State of Indiana there are 11,196 
Township officials — 1,016 of them being Township Trus- 
tees — and 1,656 County officials ; making a total of nearly 
13,000; besides the thousands of town and city officials 
actually in office — and all elected by the people. 

In the whole history of our country only twenty-seven 
different citizens have reached the presidency. In the 
low r er house of Congress there are only 435 members rep- 
resenting the forty-eight states and the 92,000,000 people, 
or one Congressman to every 210,000 people. In the upper 
house of Congress, the United States Senate, there are 
only ninety-six members (Senators), two from each State. 
So the school boy's chances to be a township trustee or a 
county commissioner or a county auditor are a good many 
hundred thousand to one chance to be a president or a 
congressman. Good commissioners and good trustees are 
quite as necessary, however, as good congressmen or pres- 
idents. 

New Mexico and Arizona were admitted to the Union 
by Congress in the summer of 1911. Each State is en- 
titled to one Congressman and two United States Senators. 

In the United States there are probably 600,000 citizens 
actually in office, administering the local government, 
and paid by the local government. And yet that is the 
government which w r e have studied least and know least 
about. The writer of this book admits that he had been 
a high school principal before he had the slightest idea 
how a suit is conducted through the Circuit Court, or how 



a petition is presented to the County Commissioners, or 
what matters come before the commissioners, or what 
other duties the County Clerk had beside the issuing of 
marriage license ; or what are the simple duties of County 
Recorder — had taught high school classes in Civil Gov- 
ernment of the United States, without being able to give 
valuable, practical instruction in the Civil Government 
of the Indiana Township and County, and could find no 
book on the latter subject. 

One of the greatest historical writers of the century, a 
most profound scholar, wrote this: "The American citi- 
zen comes in contact with his local government a hundred 
times as often as he comes in contact with the national 
government.' 7 Grown up men and women are sometimes 
laughed at for not knowing how some of the more simple 
public affairs are transacted, and for asking questions in 
regard to them. The w r riter and thousands of teachers, 
and school boys, and school girls, and citizens of all occu- 
pations have asked many such questions, and have no 
doubt often wondered w T hy some one had not written a 
book which would answer them. But this little book is 
believed to be the first of its kind. Every chapter w r as 
first talked over with some citizen or with some high 
school or district school, which the writer visited before 
writing the chapter. This was done to ascertain how much 
or how little was generally known about our home govern- 
ment, also to ascertain whether people were interested in 
such knowledge — and they were always found interested. 
It was also to test whether a certain explanation would 
make it perfectly clear. As a rather general preparation 
for the task, the writer spent ten years as a teacher and 
superintendent, practised law two years, and was an ed- 
itor for a little more than a year. After these experiences 
the writing of the book w T as undertaken — the book which 
the author when a boy had wished for, but wished in vain. 



The State of Indiana. 

In your geography studies you notice that every State 
has a capital. This is often the largest or oldest city in 
the State, but not always. What is the capital? It is the 
city where the State's public business is carried on; it is 
where the Governor makes his home during his four years' 
term of office. It is not often that we elect a man Gov- 
ernor who already lives at the capital. Governor Mathews 
was a wealthy farmer of Vermilion County when elected 
in 1892 ; Governor Mount was a wealthy farmer of Mont- 
gomery County when elected in 1896. Governor Durbin 
was a banker in Anderson, Madison County. J. Frank 
Hanly was first a farm laborer, then a district school 
teacher in "Warren County, then a lawyer, represented 
Fountain and Warren counties in the State Legislature, 
served a term in Congress, resumed the practice of law at 
Lafayette, was elected Governor in 1904. Thomas R. Mar- 
shall was a prominent lawyer at Columbia City when 
elected Governor in 1908. 

The State Legislature meets at the capitol of the State 
on Thursday next after the first Monday in January every 
two years — each year that ends in an odd number, as in 
1905,* 1907, 1909, 1911, etc. Their meeting at Indianapolis 
makes that city the capital of Indiana. 

There are 150 men elected to make our State laws and 
elect a United States Senator. They are divided into two 
groups like two grades at school. One hundred in the 
lower class, called Representatives, elected for two years. 
The other fifty, called Senators, are elected for four years. 

The Senate is called the Upper House of our State Leg- 
islature. The House of Representatives is called the Lower 
House. Every State in the Union has its Legislature of 
two branches, called the Senate and the House. The word 
"legislature" means a law-making body. A State Legis- 



9 

lature generally calls itself the "General Assembly." Ev- 
ery statute of Indiana starts with these words, "Be it 
enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indi- 
ana," etc. 

Indiana and the Nation. 

Our National Legislature, which makes laws concerning 
money, wars, the army, the navy, is called the Congress. 
It is also divided into an upper and a lower house called 
the Senate and the House of Representatives. 

Indiana has thirteen Representatives in Congress and 
two Senators ; their pictures all appear in this book. 

Congress meets on the first Monday of each December 
at Washington City; so we call that city the capital of 
the United States. 

Do you know who is the present Representative from 
this district ? If not, find out by tomorrow morning. The 
ninety-two counties of Indiana are grouped into thirteen 
Congressional districts, each including about seven or 
eight counties. Marion County, however, constitutes the 
entire Seventh district, by reason of its great population, 
275,000. The districts are named by numbers, as First dis- 
trict, Second district, etc. The geographical districts may 
be changed at any session of the Legislature and a County 
transferred from one district to another, just so that the 
population of each is approximately 210,000, and all the 
Counties of any district must join. In which district is 
your County? Our two U. S. Senators are Benjamin F. 
Shively and John W. Kern. Both are lawyers and both 
were poor boys. You have probably heard them make 
speeches at some convention, or rally, or Old Settlers' 
meeting. If so, you should have paid close attention. 
Wise boys and girls never laugh, nor talk in a crowd when 
any man or woman is making a speech. Some boys and 
girls sixty years of age often forget this. If you are a 



10 

good student you listen quietly to his argument, whether 
the speaker's polities is the same as yours and your 
father's or different. Some say it is not polite to talk poli- 
tics at school or in company. It isn't unless the conversa- 
tion is carried on by polite persons. Then it may be 
proper; otherwise it isn't polite to argue anything. 

Your Own Locality. 

You have probably drawn the map of your county 
many times and divided it up into townships. It is pos- 
sible to do so without doing very much thinking and with 
but little knowledge of the county, if you draw from an- 
other map. 

Can you call off the names of the different townships 
and point toward each one as you name it ? This does not 
mean, can you point them out on the map, but can you 
point toward them across the fields from your desk? 

If you will now face the north with your county map in 
front of you and locate your own township and your 
schoolhouse, then the real township outdoors is situated 
with reference to your schoolhouse just as it appears to be 
on the map ; and other townships are the same direction 
from yours that they appear to be on the map. 

If you face the south while studying either the geogra- 
phy of your county or the United States the real direc- 
tions are just opposite of the directions on the page — for 
the top of the map is always north. 

By a few minutes' study you can commit to memory 
the names of the townships, their location, their towns 
and railroads. 

Do you know how far your township extends, what 
roads are along the boundaries, and what families live 
along these roads, or live just over in the edge of the 
other township? 



11 

What are the leading cities and towns of your county ? 
A single county very rarely has more than three cities, 
but each township is almost certain to have one or more 
towns. If you have not been in all these towns you have 
probably been in some of them, or you know people who 
live in them. These towns are just like the hundreds of 
towns you see marked on the maps of your geographies. 
The people talk just as you do and no better — the children 
study exactly the same school books that you study, and 
are just as bright, but no brighter. To the town or city 
boy who reads this we say that the farmer boy studies 
the same books, reads the same tales and the same Y. P. 
R. C. books ; so if you meet you can talk your school 
troubles over if you are in the same grade. 

The Indiana County. 

The State is divided into ninety-two counties. Each 
county was established by a special act of the Legisla- 
ture. Knox County was the first county organized and is 
therefore the oldest in the State. Newton is the young- 
est, having been taken off an older County — Jasper — in 
1859. The law designates by specific lines, marks and 
streams just where the boundary lines of counties are ; if 
a stream of water marks the boundary the middle of the 
stream is the boundary line. The low water line along 
the Ohio river is the County line, and the County govern- 
ment extends no farther. The State government extends 
to the middle of the Ohio ; a boat on the Ohio is under 
the authority of both Indiana and Kentucky. 

Allen County is the largest in area, containing 660 
square miles. Ohio County is the smallest in the State, 
and contains only 87 square miles, and 4,700 inhabitants. 
Marion County has the greatest population, 263,661 in 



12 

1910, now estimated at 285,000. LaPorte has the largest 
number of townships, twenty-one. 

County business proceeds with little formality. The 
Councilmen and Commissioners are usually plain men, 
who speak their minds without rising or addressing the 
Chairman. When a petition is presented asking for a 
bridge at some particular ford, they want to know where 
it is, what sort of a road it is on, how much travel passes 
that way, Avhat the structure will probably cost, and how 
many bridges that locality is asking for. Each member 
tells what he knows about it, and the bystanders are called 
upon for informal testimony. If a motion is put at all, it 
is likely to be as a matter of form, after an agreement has 
been reached. The county attorney usually attends the 
meetings of both of these bodies, and one of his functions 
is to see that the will of the majority is expressed in legal 
form. 

County Officials. 

The following is a table of the county officials and 
their salaries in the county of 21,000 population. The 
term of their office is also indicated : 

Auditor (4 years) $2,400 a year 

Clerk (4 years) 2,200 a year 

Sheriff (2 years) 2,200 a year 

Treasurer (2 years) 1,900 a year 

Recorder (4 years) 1,500 a year 

Commissioner (3 years) 400 a year 

County Assessor (4 years) 850 a year 

County Council (4 years) 15 a year 

Drainage Commissioner (2 years) 3 a day 

Superintendent (4 years) 1,450 a year 

Attendance Officer (1 year) — all counties.. 2a day 



13 

The name indicates the general nature of the duties of 
the office. Each will be discussed more fully in a sep- 
arate chapter. Each has a room or office in the court- 
house with name on the office door for the benefit of the 
public. 

The Auditor and the County Commissioners have con- 
trol of most of the public business. 

The Clerk of the Court keeps the Court records. 

The Sheriff arrests criminals, summons juries and wit- 
nesses, and is the peace officer of the County, and keeps 
the jail. 

The Treasurer has charge of the County's tax money, 
which we pay to him. 

The Recorder keeps a record of the deeds of land and 
of mortgages. 

The County Superintendent issues teachers' license and 
visits the schools, and issues diplomas to common school 
graduates. 

The Attendance Officer is required to see that all the 
children from seven to sixteen are in school all the time 
that school is in session. Children from fourteen to six- 
teen are exempt if regularly employed. 

The Commissioners are the overseers and paymasters 
of the county. 

The County Council determine how much money they 
will let the Commissioners spend in a year, and levy the 
county taxes. 

The County Assessor reviews the reports of the Town- 
ship Assessors to see if they have overlooked anything or 
taxed any property too low or too high. 



Society is produced by our wants; government by our wickedness. 
Society promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections; 
government negatively by restraining our vices. Society in every 
State is a blessing; government even in its best state is but a neces- 
sary evil, and in its worst state is intolerable evil. — Thomas Paine, 
in "Common Sense." 



14 

The Indiana Township. 

When the United States Government purchased the 
Northwest Territory from the Indians, which it had also 
already acquired from the older Eastern States, it sur- 
veyed the whole territory into blocks or squares, each be- 
ing six miles square and containing thirty-six square miles 
(See "How Lands Are Surveyed") and each square was 
called a "Congressional Township." This Congressional 
Township is therefore older than the State or any County 
in the State, but for the purposes of local government and 
for the convenience of the people the County Commission- 
ers are authorized to subdivide their county into any num- 
ber of townships, each with certain definite boundaries 
and each being known as a "civil Township" or "school 
Township" and to give each township its name, as " Jack- 
son Township" or "Brown Township." A civil township 
being a creature of county government, may occupy an 
exact congressional township or may have irregular 
boundaries without any regard whatever for the congres- 
sional survey. 

Of the 1,016 townships in the State, Union Township, 
Montgomery County, is the largest in area, containing 112 
square miles, being much larger than all Ohio County; 
Albion Township, Noble County, is the smallest, contain- 
ing four square miles — the area of an ordinary school dis- 
trict. Center Township, in Marion County, contains the 
largest population — about 250,000 in 1913. 



Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established 
should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly 
all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer 
while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing 
the forms to which they are accustomed. — Thomas Jefferson, in 
Declaration of Independence. 




SAMUEL M. RALSTON, 
Governor of Indiana. 




MISS MARY A. STUBBS, 

State Statistician. 

TERM EXPIRED JANUARY, 1909. 

• Miss Stubbs is the only woman who ever held an elective 
State office in Indiana. Her father, Mr. Joseph H. Stubbs, 
was elected to this office in 1904, and again in 1906. He 
died early in his second term. Miss Mary had been his 
deputy, and Governor Hanly appointed her to fill out the 
unexpired term. 




Constitutional Elm, Corydon, Indiana. 

Under the shade of this tree, which is still standing, the 

convention met in the summer of 1816, and 

adopted the first Constitution of Indiana. 




J^ 






LIDA LEASURE, 

County Superintendent Dekalb County. 

Mrs. Dr. Leasure was elected County Superintendent of 
Schools of Dekalb County June 5, 1911, for a term of 
four years. She is the first woman ever elected to any 
county office in Indiana, or to any office in Indiana. Miss 
Mary Stubbs had held the office of State Statistician, but 
this was by appointment, not by election. Mrs. Leasure 
is a well-known teacher and physician. 




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33 
The Legislature at Work. 

Let us now watch the Legislature pass a law over at 
Indianapolis in the State House. See the picture of that 
building in your geography. 

The fifty Senators are in the Senate Chamber which 
looks like a beautiful schoolroom. Each desk cost over 
$100. The 100 Representatives are across the hallway in 
another beautiful room. In the Senate the Lieutenant- 
Governor, up in front, presides over the meeting like the 
chairman of a debating society, or a Sunday School Super- 
intendent or the chairman of a political convention. The 
Representatives elect one of their own members chairman, 
called the Speaker. The political party which has the ma- 
jority always elect the Speaker and there is generally 
quite a lively contest for the place. The Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor is the President of the State Senate. 

The opening day of each session is somewhat like the 
first day of the school term, only more formal. Before 
the members of the Legislature can be officially recog- 
nized as such, they must each take the "oath of office" 
to support the constitution of the State of Indiana and the 
constitution of the United States; each house then pro- 
ceeds to " organize " by electing its officers. So soon as 
the organization is completed the whole Senate and the 
Lieutenant-Governor go into the hall of Representatives 
and take seats among the members of the House. Then 
the Lieutenant-Governor and the Speaker together ap- 
point a committee of members to "wait upon the Gov- 
ernor and inform him the ' General Assembly 7 is now con- 
vened and desires to be addressed by him. " 

The committee goes to the "Executive" office where 
the Governor is in waiting, and escorts him into the pres- 
ence of the assembly. 

The Governor then proceeds to deliver a written ad- 



dress or speech to that body indicating what legislation 
he favors, and the reasons for it, and what bills he would 
probably sign, and what he would oppose. This address 
is the "Governor's Message" (Sec. 94). He may also 
send to the assembly other messages later in the session, 
urging certain legislation, when in his judgment occasion 
requires. 

And now how are the laws made ? 

Each house transacts the greater part of its business by 
means of committees. For instance there is in each house 
the "Committee on Education," to which is referred all 
bills and reports and inquiries pertaining to education. 
This committee, as well as all other committees, is ap- 
pointed by the presiding officer of the house to which 
the committee belongs. 

In the house the Speaker not only appoints, but also 
selects the membership of each committee. In the upper 
house, the Senators if they so desire, may choose the mem- 
bership of each committee by ballot and compel the Lieu- 
tenant-Governor to appoint these committees as recom- 
mended to him. However, if a majority of the Senators 
are of the same political party as the Lieutenant-Governor, 
he is usually permitted to select and appoint all com- 
mittees. 

The first man named by the presiding officer on the 
committee, usually consisting of about seven members, is 
its chairman. The chairman calls meetings of the com- 
mittee and presides at the meetings. The Speaker is care- 
ful that each chairman of a "House" committee is of the 
same political party as the speaker, and that a majority 
also of the committee is of the same persuasion as the 
Speaker. 

Any member of either house may, of his own accord 
and without the consent of any committee, introduce any 
bill that he wishes, proposing a new law or the repeal 



35 

of an old law or an amendment to any law. But it may, by 
motion of a member if the motion is carried, be referred 
to the proper committee, and may never be heard of again. 

Three readings of every bill, on three different days, 
are required before it is passed, unless, in case of emer- 
gency, that formality is dispensed with by a yea and nay 
vote. After a bill is approved by the proper committee of 
each house it is printed and a copy is placed on the desk 
of each member of the assembly. Every bill must also be 
read aloud by the Reading Clerk, and in full, at the time 
of its final passage. These requirements are made to 
prevent the passage of bills without their contents being 
fully known to the members and without due consid- 
eration. 

The course of a bill, from its introduction to its final 
approval by the Governor, is extremely perilous. It is 
first referred to the standing committee to which, from 
a reading of the title, it seems to belong. This com- 
mittee may report favorably or unfavorably, may recom- 
mend amendments and the passage after amendment or, 
the course most fatal of all to prospective laws, it may 
not report at all. If it gets out of one committee it is 
still likely to get into another, and it is subject to amend- 
ment at any time, and may be so changed that its author 
could not recognize it. Should it finally pass the third 
reading in the house where first introduced it is sent to 
the other house to be confronted by the same dangers. 

When a bill is passed by either house it must be signed 
by the presiding officer and sent on to the other house. 
If again passed it is signed by the presiding officer and 
passed on to the Governor. If the Governor approves it 
he signs it and it becomes a law, as we shall see presently. 
If he neglects the bill for three days it becomes a law, 
as tho he had signed it. If. he is opposed to having the 
bill become a law he may return it within three days to 



36 

the house where it originated with his written objections 
and his "veto." But if a bare majority of each house 
again vote for it it becomes a law over his veto. This 
requires a vote of twenty-six in the Senate, and fifty-one 
in the House. When a vote is to be cast the Clerk of 
the House voting stands up by the presiding officer and 
calls the roll of members. As each member's name is 
called he answers "yea" or "nay," which means for or 
against the bill, and the clerk marks how each man votes. 
If the yeas have a majority the bill must be sent to the 
other house to be voted on in the same way. 

If either house amends a bill which has been sent to it 
by the other, by changing just one word or the spelling 
of a word, and then passes it, the bill must be returned 
to the original house and again passed before it can be 
sent to the Governor. If the house which originated the 
bill refuse to concur in the amendment they may restore 
the bill to its original form and send it back or may drop 
it. For before a bill gets to the Governor's table it must 
have been adopted in all its parts by a majority of both 
houses. 

The Legislature remains in session sixty-one days at $6 
a day for each member. Each member also receives 20 
cents for each mile necessarily traveled in going to and 
returning from the capital. This partially pays their ex- 
penses. We ought not expect too much from a $6 Legis- 
lature. When occasionally we have a first-class, sane and 
honest General Assembly, composed of men who are will- 
ing to sacrifice their time for the public good, we are very 
lucky indeed — for it's mere luck. 

When the session is over the laws are at once published 
and bound in a volume called "The Acts." From 100 
to 500 copies are sent to each County Clerk for distribu- 
tion. So soon as the Secretary of State receives a receipt 
for the books from all the County Clerks the Governor 



37 

issues a proclamation declaring all the laws in effect. 
Some laws, with an emergency clause, go into effect as 
soon as signed by the Governor, and every Judge, Mayor, 
and Justice of the Peace must make his decisions accord- 
ing to them from that day forth. 



The Laws, Lawyers and the Practice of Law. 

The Legislature, as we have told you, meets — well you 
remember when and where, don't you? They meet to 
make new laws. If a new law conflicts with an old one, 
the new one is the law. Some laws are repealed without 
making another to take its place. The great bulk of our 
laws remain the same year after year. Some laws are 
over fifty years old. All the laws of Indiana are bound 
in one large volume called the "Statutes of Indiana." 
They fill about 2,000 pages and are equal to about thirty- 
five such books as a third reader. Whenever you see a 
"Statutes," notice the date on the back. It ought not to 
be more than twenty years old. Most of our present 
liquor law, "The Nicholson Law," was enacted in 1895. 

There is so much law, that altho it is made as simple 
as possible the ordinary citizen and business man can 
not study very much of it. They generally consult a 
lawyer, called also an attorney. It is the attorney's busi- 
ness to know the law, or to inform himself about it before 
he gives advice. The most honest men disagree about their 
legal rights, and have to let their troubles be adjusted 
in Court according to law. Lawyers also disagree as to 
the meaning of the laws, and disagree with the Judge and 
appeal the case to the Supreme Court for final settlement. 
The Supreme Court Judges write out their views on the 
case. These written decisions fill about 85,000 pages. 



38 

Were you ever in a lawyer's office? Whose? In what 
town? Lawyers generally live at the county seat, but not 
always. You probably noticed the big book cases filled 
with leather bound books. Most lawyers have a set of the 
Indiana Reports, nearly 160 volumes. Three volumes are 
published each year now as the Judges of the Supreme 
Court continue to write opinions. This set of books 
costs about $400. 

There is one other court to which a person may appeal 
if dissatisfied with the verdict of the County Circuit 
Court. That is the Appellate Court, which, as its name 
indicates, can try only such cases as have already been 
tried elsewhere and sent to it on appeal. It is the same as 
the Supreme Court only in respect to the size of cases it 
may try. If the amount of money involved is below 
$3,500 an appealed case is sent to the Appellate Court; 
if above $3,500, then to the Supreme Court. Or if one con- 
victed of a misdemeanor appeals, his case is heard by the 
Appellate Court; if convicted of a felony he appeals to 
the Supreme Court. The written decisions of the Ap- 
pellate Court now fill about thirty volumes of reports. 

When the lawyers on different sides of a case disagree 
on the meaning of a certain law they search through these 
reports to see if a similar case has ever been decided by 
the Supreme or Appellate Court. If they find several de- 
cisions upon similar but not quite the same points they 
try to prove their own case by those in their favor. 

There are five judges in the Supreme Court, and five 
in the Appellate Court. It is not always that the five 
Judges in the court all reach the same conclusion on a 
point of law or the rights of an individual ; but the verdict 
of any three stands as the "Decision of the Court." The 
different opinion of the other two is sometimes written 
out at great length as the "Dissenting Opinion" and filed 
for future reference. 



39 

There is not a line of law by which a railway company 
is liable for damages for injuries or destruction of life by 
the carelessness of its employes. Yet Circuit Courts often 
award heavy damages. The decisions of the higher courts 
constitute the only law on such matters, except that stat- 
ute prohibits courts and juries from awarding more than 
$5,000 damages for a death. 

In an argument in the Circuit Court the lawyers on the 
different sides take turns reading these decisions to the 
Judge. Sometimes the Judge has to sit and listen for a 
whole day, sometimes even a whole week to this reading, 
altho his salary is only $3,500 a year. 

Some law libraries cost $4,000, but one can get a very 
good library for $600. Of course, one man can never read 
all his books, and sometimes a law book remains on the 
shelf, gathering dust, for twenty years without ever being 
opened. One book, however, may be worth hundreds of 
dollars for just one case, and then never be needed again. 
When your attorney represents you in court you are called 
his client; you are responsible for what he does. He is 
also responsible to you. 

It is a fine thing to know some law; but it is a much 
finer thing to know some of the general principles of law. 
You will probably find something on that subject in your 
Civil Government. Be sure to attend court the next 
chance you have. Just to saunter into the court room and 
take a back seat won't do you any good. Select a day 
when a certain trial will occur. Learn something about 
the case before the day for trial, go early, stay till it is 
thru. It will be worth your while. 



40 
Township Assessor and Taxation. 

Before going into the details of the conduct of our pub- 
lic offices we will first see how the money is obtained 
from the people for the purposes of carrying on our 
public business, for no Government can he carried on with- 
out money, and a Government can get no money except 
from its people, in the form of taxes. 

Every honest man pays taxes in proportion to the value 
of his property. Each year the Township Assessor goes 
to every man and takes down in writing a list of the 
articles of property he owns, live stock, w^agons, books, 
machinery, money, notes, mortgages, etc., and estimates 
their value. The citizen who gives the Assessor a list of 
his property must swear that it is a true statement of all 
he has so help him God, altho some dishonest men keep 
back more than half their property. Thus they swear a 
lie. What is it to swear a lie ? It is perjury. If they are 
caught at this dishonesty they must pay all the back tax 
for this property, and pay a fine of not less than $50 nor 
more than $5,000 in to the county treasury. 

Property is hardly ever assessed at more than two- 
thirds of its actual value unless the property is actual 
money. Tho you can pay your taxes all in one sum it is 
divided up into several different funds, such as the school 
fund, township fund, State tax, road fund, etc. The 
County Treasurer distributes your money out into its sep- 
arate funds. All the different funds together call for a 
tax rate of about 2 per cent., or $2 on each $100. Thus 
if your property is worth $1,500 you are assessed at $1,000 
and your tax is $20 a year. You can pay half of it before 
the first Monday in May, and the other half before the 
first Monday in November. If you don't pay the first 
half when due, the whole amount of both instalments is at 
once marked due and 10 per cent, is added to the whole 



41 

amount. If not paid in November it is marked delinquent 
and your land is advertised in two of the county news- 
papers as being for sale for taxes and a similar notice is 
posted in the Court House, the sale to begin on the second 
Monday in February. 

The usual proceeding is that a part of it is sold to the 
man who offers to pay the taxes for the smallest part of 
the land. If you let some other man bid it off he pays 
the taxes, the County Surveyor measures off the portion 
thus sold, and the Auditor gives him a deed for the part 
which he bids off. 

You can, however, redeem it at any time within two 
years by paying the back taxes and all the costs of the 
advertising and selling. You must also pay to the pur- 
chaser 10 per cent, additional if redeemed within six 
months, 15 per cent, if redeemed after six months and in 
less than one year, and 25 per cent, if redeemed after the 
lapse of one year. So it pays to be punctual. If you cul- 
tivate the habit of never allowing yourself to be tardy 
at school nor at any place of business you will never let 
your land be sold for delinquent taxes. Yet, I knew a boy 
once who was at school every day very early, and yet was 
nearly always tardy — with his lessons. 

Bach man under 50 years of age pays a poll tax of $2 
to $2.50. Each owner of a dog must pay a tax of $1 on 
him, whether the dog is worth three cents or not ; and a 
tax of $2 for each additional dog he owns. The tax on a 
good horse is only about a dollar. The dog tax goes into a 
fund to pay the stock-owners for stock killed by dogs. 
The fund always a little more than pays for the sheep, 
other stock, or poultry killed in the State by dogs, and 
helps out the school fund besides. So dogs are of some 
use after all — to the public. 

If there is any money left in the dog tax fund of a 
township after paying for the sheep and other stock killed 



42 

by the dogs, the surplus is turned into the tuition fund for 
the county. Money paid in the way of fines and for- 
feited bonds goes into the permanent State school fund 
to be loaned for the interest. 

Some one get an inventory sheet from the Township 
Assessor, bring it to school and assess some one, but 
don't make the assessment too high. 

The County Treasurer. 

The County Treasurer has a great deal to do with all 
this tax business we have been talking about. But he 
does not fix the rates of taxation. If your taxes are too 
low, therefore, do not criticise the Treasurer, but the Com- 
missioners, or the Assessor, or the Trustee. Better still, 
don't criticise any one till sure you're right, then go 
ahead, as Davy Crockett used to say. "When you pay him 
your taxes, be sure to get your tax receipt — a slip of pa- 
per signed by the treasurer showing just what you have 
paid. Do this before leaving the office. The Treasurer 
and his clerks stand behind the counters just like cash- 
iers in a bank. 

As the end of the tax-paying time draws near, the office 
is crowded every day by persons who must wait their 
turn, and are impatient for fear they will become delin- 
quent. 

Have you thought of anything else to be said about the 
Treasurer? Well, he must give a very large bond before 
he can take charge of his office. A large number of citi- 
zens who own real estate, must sign an agreement to pay 
the county all the tax money if the Treasurer runs off 
with it, which he sometimes does. His bond is from $100,- 
000 to $1,000,000. Always vote for an honest man for 
Treasurer. 

In addition to the salary, the Treasurer also gets a cer- 



43 

tain per cent, of the delinquent taxes he collects. He must 
require non-residents to pay a license tax on any stock of 
goods which they bring in to sell; as sometimes a mer- 
chant sends a stock of cloaks or clothing or books into an- 
other county for a short time to sell cheap. Did you ever 
hear of this being done? "When and where? The next 
time you go to the county seat, step into the Treasurer's 
office and see how the Treasurer looks and acts. Probably 
you know him. If so describe him. 

The County Commissioners and County Council. 

What is done with all this tax money ? Just a little of 
it is spent to pay the officials for collecting it. Then who 
gets to spend the rest of it and what is done with it ? 

The law regulates part of it, and the County Commis- 
sioners dispose of the rest of the county funds ; the Town- 
ship Trustee and the Advisory Board of the township 
funds, and the Legislature of the State funds. 

The County Council, of seven men, is a new part of 
county Government that began in Indiana in November, 
1900. The first Council was elected for two years ; in 
1902 they were elected for four years and that will be the 
length of their term until the law is changed. All they 
have to do is to regulate the amount of money the Com- 
missioners may spend out of a certain fund. They can 
not control the Commissioners as to their manner of using 
this money. When the Council sets aside, say $500 for 
repairing a bridge, the act is called " making an appropri- 
ation." 

Where a number of citizens desire that a bridge should 
be built by the county they sign a petition, asking the 
County Commissioners to build it with the public money 
appropriated for that purpose. The three Commissioners 
meet on the first Monday of each month in the office of 



44 

the County Auditor. The different petitions which have 
been left on file with the Auditor since their last meeting 
are taken up one by one and considered. 

The Board of Commissioners constitute a court of three 
to consider these petitions and all claims against the 
county for services performed or goods furnished. Each 
monthly meeting is called a "term of the Commissioners' 
Court." 

When a petition is presented the two leading questions 
to settle are : First — Is this improvement needed by the 
general public ? Second — Is there any money that can be 
used to pay for it? 

If a bridge is wanted across some stream and the Com- 
missioners desire to build it, the law requires them first 
to send a surveyor or some competent person to the place 
to see, by careful measurement, just how long and high 
the grade should be, what kind of a bank is required and 
what it would probably cost. Then, if they decide it would 
be worth its cost to the county, they employ an architect 
to make out in writings and drawings, what is called the 
"plans and specifications," a written description of the 
bridge, grades, etc. This description must be placed on 
file in the Auditor's office. Then they advertise in the 
papers that on a certain day they will receive sealed bids 
for the work called for, and the man who gives a bond to 
build such a bridge for the least money, gets the contract. 
If he doesn't do his work according to contract, he gets 
no pay, unless the Commissioners simply give it to him. 
If two of them vote for a measure it is sufficient to 
carry it. 

Whenever any person does any work for the county by 
contract, he presents his bill to the Commissioners for his 
pay. If they allow his claim, the Auditor writes him an 
"order" or warrant, which he takes to the Treasurer and 
gets his money. All the county officers must present to 



45 

this board a bill for their salaries, which are payable usu- 
ally each three months. 

The County Council has more to say about what the 
Commissioners can do than about what they must do with 
the public money. The Council meets in September of 
each year, and fixes the rate of county taxes, and as we 
said a few pages ago, the Council "appropriates" just so 
much money for certain purposes. 

If any contractor builds a bridge for the county, after 
the bridge money is all used up, he can not sue the county 
for his pay, even tho the Commissioners had hired him to 
build it, by a written contract. Neither can the Commis- 
sioners run the county in debt without the consent of the 
County Council. So, before you loan the county any 
money or build a bridge, make it your business to see that 
enough money has been appropriated to build the bridge 
and for that purpose, or that the Council has authorized 
the Commissioners to borrow your money. 

A County borrows money by selling interest-bearing 
bonds. No county is out of debt so long as any of its 
bonds are unredeemed. Almost every county in this 
State, and in every State, is in debt to citizens and banks 
who hold county bonds. 

Before the September meeting of the Council, the Com- 
missioners are supposed to make out a careful estimate of 
what public conveniences are needed, what they will 
probably cost, and ask the County Council to appropri- 
ate sufficient money to pay for them. The Council is also 
asked to make a sufficient tax levy to raise enough money 
to satisfy the appropriation. The council can not appro- 
priate money out of the road fund into the school fund, 
nor from any fund into another. 

Do you know who your County Commissioners are ? Or 
any members of the County Council? You might elect a 
Board of Commissioners of some of your classmates, who 



46 

would transact some public business — grant liquor license, 
or a petition to build a bridge, or give consent to put tele- 
phone poles along the public highway. 

The law allows the Commissioners to employ a County 
Attorney to advise them as to the law on doubtful ques- 
tions. 

The Auditor keeps a detailed record of all the proceed- 
ings of the Commissioners' Court. By going to his office 
you can find a record of their doings clear back to the 
early history of your county. 

Among the other duties of the County Commissioners 
as a court is that of granting or denying of liquor license. 
They must judge of an applicant's fitness for such busi- 
ness. The applicant must prove himself to be a man of 
good reputation, not addicted to the habit of drink, and 
to be a law-abiding citizen. They can not grant more 
than one license to each 500 population in the county, and 
may restrict the number to one for each 1,000 if they 
wish. They can not grant any license to any one to sell 
liquor within a township or within the corporate limits 
of any city wherein the citizens have voted against such 
license at any time within the past two years. Nor in 
any township or city ward wherein a majority of citizens 
have filed a remonstrance in writing against the liquor 
traffic. 



We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are cre- 
ated equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain un- 
alienable rights, that among these rights are life, liberty, and the 
pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are 
instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of 
the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes de- 
structive of these ends, it is the Eight of the People to abolish it, 
and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall 
seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. — Thomas Jef- 
ferson, in Declaration of Independence. 



47 
County Recorder. 

When you buy a knife or a bicycle or a school book, you 
simply pay the money, take the goods, and the trade is all 
over. Unless you bought those necessary articles on 
credit, there is no detailed record of the transaction. In 
the latter case the merchant charges the account on his 
books or takes your note. But if you buy a piece of land 
you will want the owner to give you a written deed for 
it and guarantee that he and none other has a right to 
sell it to you. He must sign this deed in the presence of 
a Notary Public, or a Justice of the Peace or a City 
Mayor. Then you take the deed to the office of the 
County Recorder in the Court House and have him record 
it. That is, he copies it down in a big book kept there 
for that purpose. In each County Recorder's office in 
this State you could find a big stack of such books, writ- 
ten full of the copies of deeds. He charges you $1 for 
copying it. You also pay the Auditor 10 cents for mak- 
ing a notice of the "transfer of ownership' 7 on his tax 
books. 

You notice in the county papers each week "Real Es- 
tate Transfers.' 7 This means sales of land. Land and 
whatever is growing or built upon it, is real estate. All 
other property is "personal property. 77 If you don 7 t 
pay in full for the land at the time you buy it, you give 
the seller a mortgage on it, and it is his business to get 
that mortgage recorded, which will cost him $1. 

Does it seem to you that all this copying by a county 
official is a case of "much ado about nothing?" By no 
means. If the mortgage and the deed get lost or de- 
stroyed, the public records in the Court House will show 
who owns each tract of land in the county. Never buy a 
farm or a lot without first going to the Recorder 7 s office 
to see if there is any mortgage on the real estate or 



48 

whether you are paying the right person for it. Better 
require the seller to furnish you an "abstract," which is 
a copy or memorandum of all the deeds and all the mort- 
gages ever made for that land from the time the United 
States Government sold it to its first white owner and old 
settler. 

Mortgages of chattels and real estate, mechanics' liens, 
leases, articles of incorporation, the names of trustees of 
churches and lodges, plats of cities and towns and addi- 
tions thereto, and a number of other matters, are recorded 
in the proper books and carefully indexed for convenient 
reference. 

The Recorder takes no part in managing the affairs of 
his county. He handles no funds, except the fees, and 
the fees belong to the county. He just copies down deeds 
and mortgages which people bring in. His salary is fixed 
by law according to the population of the county. "Where 
the population is about 21,000, he gets about $1,500 a 
year. Who is your County Recorder ? Who has sold any 
land near your home lately? Describe the necessary 
transactions in making the sale. 

County Auditor. 

As you have already noticed, the Auditor's duties are 
very largely connected with those of Recorder, Treasurer, 
Sheriff and Commissioners. He has, however, some special 
duties and powers of his own. For instance, if any Town- 
ship Trustee or Assessor dies or resigns or goes insane, 
when the Commissioners are not in session, the Auditor at 
once appoints another man to fill the vacancy. 

If the Commissioners are in session when the vacancy 
occurs, they make the appointment. 

He has charge of the permanent school fund of the 
county, and persons who desire to borrow from it must 



49 

deal altogether with the Auditor. When any one owes 
the county for borrowed school fund or interest on the 
school fund, he must pay the money to the Treasurer and 
bring the Treasurer's receipt to the Auditor, who then 
gives him a "quietus," which is the receipt that counts, 
for the receipt is worthless without the quietus. "When 
the county owes any citizen, the creditor must have his 
claim allowed by the Board of Commissioners, and the 
Auditor then issues him a warrant for the amount on the 
Treasurer, who will pay him his money. 

The Auditor gives notice of the holding of all elections 
to aid railroads, and publishes a list of the properties 
on which the taxes are delinquent (unpaid). He receives 
the report of Township Assessor and Trustee and of the 
County Treasurer. But the largest and most important 
work of the Auditor is keeping account of all funds which 
are received and paid out by the Treasurer, and keeping 
the records of the transactions of the County Commis- 
sioners, and the making of the tax duplicate. In a county 
where the population is about 21,000 his salary is $2,400. 
Who is your present County Auditor? Ask your father. 

County Clerk of the Circuit Court. 

The Clerk's chief duties are discussed under the topic 
of "Courts and Proceedings." In fact he is the Clerk of 
the Court. He issues all marriage licenses, appoints all 
administrators of estates, when court is not in session, ap- 
points appraisers for estates, records all wills, appoints 
guardians for minor children, subject to approval of the 
judge. Quakers or "Friends" are not required to have a 
marriage license. 

He also preserves the records of all court proceedings 
and all election returns. It takes two persons to conduct 
the office in a county of 20,000 population ; and five to ten 



50 

in the more populous counties, as Marion, Allen, Madison 
or Vigo. The average salary is about $2,200, when the 
population is 21,000. 

Sheriff. 

The Sheriff is the executive officer of the county. He 
is the man who must arrest burglars, horse thieves, mur- 
derers and all other criminals. His duties are also de- 
scribed in the chapter on "Courts." He attends all ses- 
sions of the Circuit and Commissioners' Court. He sum- 
mons jurymen, posts notices of election, puts down public 
riots and is the general peace officer of the county. He 
resides at the county jail. If he permits a mob to lynch a 
prisoner his office becomes vacant, unless he can show the 
Governor that he did his whole duty to protect the pris- 
oner from the mob. As he has a right to confine the pris- 
oner in any jail in the State out of the reach of the mob 
he is almost inexcusable for ever allowing a prisoner to be 
lynched. Mobs generally freeze out in three or four days, 
even in the summer time. Who is your present sheriff? 
Do you think he would break up a mob ? 

County Superintendent. 

The highest educational officer in each county is called 
the County Superintendent of Public Instruction. No one 
can teach in any school of the county unless the County 
Superintendent grants to him a teacher's license. The ex- 
ceptions to this rule are graduates of the State Normal 
School, who hold a State license for life, and those who 
hold a license issued by the State Superintendent. 

He exercises a general superintendence over the schools 
of the county, holds the county institute, visits each town- 



51 

ship institute, conducts the examination for teacher's 
license and for graduation in the common branches, 
grades the manuscripts, issues licenses or diplomas, visits 
the schools while in session, and is a sort of general 
adviser of the teachers and school officers of the county. 

In case of disagreement between a Township Trustee 
and the citizens of his township regarding the best loca- 
tion for a new school house, the law makes the county 
superintendent the sole judge, and his decision is final. 

The Superintendent is elected for a term of four years 
by the township trustees of the county on the first Mon- 
day of June. This began in 1899. Before that time they 
were elected in the same way, at the same time, but for 
only two years. 

No one is eligible to be elected Superintendent who 
does not hold at the time of his election a three years' 
State license, or a sixty-months license, or a professional 
license, or a life license. This law was passed in 1905. 

The law says the County Superintendent " shall receive 
no perquisites whatever." This means that he shall not 
charge any extras outside of his salary. He must not 
charge a teacher for a license or a pupil for a diploma. 
No self-respecting person will offer a Superintendent any 
"perquisites." 

The law requires that every County Superintendent 
shall hold a "County Teachers' Institute" for one week 
each year. For this purpose the county must donate 
$100 ; and each of the teachers must pay an institute fee. 
In some counties this fee is 75 cents, in others it is $1.50 
or even $2.50. Thus a fund is created with which the 
Superintendent employs lecturers and instructors for the 
institute. 

The great work for the Superintendent is to keep bad 
people from teaching, and the schools supplied with good 
teachers. 



52 

A right industrious County Superintendent is worth 
$15,000 a year to the county. One who does not visit 
schools, nor grade manuscripts, nor attend to any other of 
his duties isn't worth very much. The salary ranges from 
$900 in the smallest counties to $2,500 in the largest. The 
county furnishes the necessary postage and an office 
room, but all other expenses of the office are paid by the 
Superintendent. 

Attendance Officer. 

Since 1897 Indiana has had a compulsory education 
law, which was revised in 1913. "We have in each county 
an official to see that this law is enforced. He is called 
the County Attendance Officer. It is his duty. to prose- 
cute parents who refuse to let their children go to school. 
A parent or guardian must keep his children, between 
7 and 16 years of age, in school all the time school is in 
session in his district or city. Provided that any child over 
14 and under 16 years of age that is regularly employed 
may be exempted from such attendance. The Attend- 
ance Officer is elected on the first Monday each May by 
the Township Trustees and Presidents of City School 
Boards. His salary is $2 a day. 

Perhaps you have never seen an Attendance Officer nor 
heard of his looking after truant children. It is perhaps 
in some other township than your own that he has been 
busy. He has been at work somewhere for he never 
loses a day and draws pay for about 140 days' service 
each year. By tomorrow morning see if you can learn the 
name of the present Attendance Officer and his postoffice 
address. If you know of any children who are growing 
up in ignorance write him a letter telling him about it — 
no difference what grade you are in at school. What a 
bad thing it is for any young person to grow up in igno- 



53 

ranee — but the law blames the parent, instead of the child, 
and that is right, isn't it? The boy or girl who loafs 
around instead of going to school doesn't realize what 
an education is till it is too late. It is the Attendance 
Officer's duty to prosecute the parent after you write 
him that such parent is violating the law. Many men 
have been fined, and some sent to jail for keeping their 
children out of school. Some people say it isn't any- 
body's business if a father keeps his children out of 
school. Among hogs and cattle it doesn't make much 
difference to one of the drove what another one does, 
but among men and women it is everybody's business 
what every one else does. So write your letter even if 
some one says "mind your own business." If you don't 
tell anybody that you are going to do so, nobody will 
know it. Always help carry out all the laws of your 
State and country. That is better patriotism than to 
wave the flag of your country and disregard the laws. 
"Write your letter about as Wiggly Willie wrote one time, 
unless you can compose a better one. 

Dear Mr. Attendance Officer: — 

Come over to our school, No. 15, Jackson Township, as soon as you 
can, for you are needed. Johnny Sauerkraut, of our district, has not 
been at school here nor at any other school for nearly three weeks. He 
is thirteen years old and so big that you mustn't tell him that I 
wrote you this letter. He has been out of school so much every term 
that he is only in the third reader and cannot recite the 8's in the 
multiplication table. He is not sick, for he goes hunting every day. 
His parents are living, but don't seem to care whether school keeps 
or not. They are very ignorant and proud of it. Oh, it's awful! 

Please come over and get after these people with some Indiana 
law. Make Mr. Sauerkraut send Johnny to school or pay a fine or 
go to jail. Yours very truly, 

Wiggly Willy. 

The wild, savage races of the Pacific Islands have no 
schools, but their country is controlled by other govern- 
ments that do have schools. If a citizen is too sick or too 



54 

lazy to get clothes and books for his children will it cost 
any more for them to go to school and warm by the fire 
than to shiver at home, or hunt rabbits, or loaf on store 
boxes? Is the Attendance Officer a good institution? 

Coroner. 

The people usually elect a physician to the office of 
Coroner. His chief duty is to hold " inquests " over the 
bodies of persons who have met death by violence or from 
any unknown cause, and to determine what was probably 
the direct and indirect cause of death. The inquest is 
somewhat like a trial in a Justice's Court. The Coroner 
may summon witnesses and have them testify. He gen- 
erally asks a clerk to take down their testimony in writing 
and has the witness sworn to the written statement. If 
the Coroner finds that any person has criminally caused 
the death, he issues a warrant for such person's arrest, 
and causes him to be sent to jail to await the action of the 
grand jury. 

Witnesses in a Coroner's inquest receive 75 cents a day 
and 5 cents per mile necessarily traveled — paid by the 
county. The Coroner may deputize any justice in the 
county to hold an inquest for him. 

If the Sheriff of the county dies or resigns the Coroner 
becomes Sheriff for the remainder of the Sheriff's term. 
The Coroner is the official who must serve the writ when 
the Sheriff is to be arrested. 



Man finds it necessary to surrender up a part of his property 
(taxes) to furnish means for the protection of the rest. And this 
he is induced to do by the same prudence which in every case advises 
him out of two evils to choose the least. Wherefore, security being 
the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that 
whatever form thereof appears most likely to insure us that se- 
curity, with the least expense, and greatest benefit, is preferable 
to all others. — Thomas Paine, in "Common Sense." 



55 
County Surveyor. 

The County Surveyor is elected for a term of two years. 
His compensation consists wholly in fees. But landown- 
ers can employ other surveyors at the same fees. A sur- 
vey made by the County Surveyor is "official" and land- 
owners must accept as "legal" any survey made by him. 
The County Commissioners usually employ the County 
Surveyor to do the surveying for the county. He locates 
boundary lines between farms, runs the line of public 
ditches and highways. 

He has the power to take acknowledgments of deeds 
and mortgages, to administer oaths in proper cases, and 
is ex-officio a drainage commissioner. 

Drainage Commissioners. 

Drainage Commissioners are county officers whose du- 
ties relate to the construction and repair of public ditches 
and drains. In addition to the Surveyor there is one such 
officer appointed by the Board of County Commissioners, 
who holds office for two years unless sooner removed. 
These two commissioners are required to inspect the lands 
likely to be affected by the proposed drain, and report to 
the court regarding its utility and practicability, and if 
they recommend its construction, to prepare a list of all 
lands affected thereby and assess the benefits and dam- 
ages to each tract. Proceedings to establish a public drain 
are commenced by filing a petition in the Circuit or Su- 
perior Court or before the County Commissioners, and in 
either case the work may be defeated at the petitioner's 
cost unless it appear that the proceeding is regular, the 
plan such as to secure the best results, and the benefits 
to be secured greater than the cost. 



56 
County Assessor. 

A County Assessor is elected for a four years' term, 
with full power to examine into the ownership of property 
and place upon the tax lists, for taxation in the name of 
the owner, all property which may have been omitted by 
the Township Assessors. The salary is $850 in a county 
with a population of 21,000. Usually he earns many 
times this amount for the county. He is also allowed $2 
a day for a deputy for sixty days. 

No one is eligible to this office unless he shall have 
been a resident freeholder in the county two years before 
election. 

The County Board of Review is composed of the County 
Assessor, who is its President ; the Auditor, who acts as 
Secretary; the Treasurer, and two freeholders appointed 
by the Judge of the Circuit Court. The board meets an- 
nually on the first Monday in June and continues in ses- 
sion thirty days. It hears all complaints as to the assess- 
ments, adds omitted property, corrects errors, and raises 
or lowers any assessment which it considers necessary, 
for the purpose of equalizing assessments thruout the 
county. For this purpose, it may call and examine wit- 
nesses upon oath. 

The Grand Jury. 

You have no doubt often heard people say that some- 
body's meanness ought to be reported to the Grand Jury. 
Probably you or some of your neighbors have been sum- 
moned to appear before the Grand Jury to tell what you 
know of violations of the law down in your neighborhood. 
The Grand Jury is always composed of six men of the 
county. They meet in a room in the court house, lock the 



57 

doors, and admit one person at a time, and force him to 
answer, if he can, whatever questions they or the prose- 
cutor asks him about the violations of the law. 

Before they begin their work they must come into the 
court room where the Judge instructs them how to pro- 
ceed. 

He orders them to investigate fearlessly and impartially, 
and to indict each and every man who seems to be guilty 
of any crime or misdemeanor. They then must take oath 
that they will do so. Then they and the Prosecutor give 
to the Sheriff the name of every person they want, who 
they think can disclose any crime and the Sheriff sum- 
mons the parties to appear before the Grand Jury. Very 
often the person summoned doesn't know what is wanted 
of him, but must go or he is liable to be arrested and fined 
for contempt of court. People who want crime prosecuted 
often write letters to the Prosecutor, telling who would 
probably be good witnesses. And these witnesses are sum- 
moned. No one ever knows exactly what is done by a 
Grand Jury or how it is done. The door is always guarded 
by a bailiff. When he sends a witness into the room one 
of the grand jurymen, called the "foreman," has him 
take an oath to answer truly all interrogatories and not 
divulge anything which transpires. If he comes out and 
tells what was said he is liable to a heavy fine for con- 
tempt of court. If a witness testifies that he saw Henry 
Dale steal something, or try to steal it, or burn a house, 
or beat a horse cruelly, or disturb a civil meeting, the 
Grand Jury indicts him. That is, they write out a "true 
bill/' as it is called, charging him with the offense, and 
hand this bill to the Clerk. At least five of the Grand 
Jury must concur in an indictment before it can be re- 
turned, and the "bill" must be signed by the foreman. 
The Clerk then writes out a warrant for his arrest and 
hands it to the Sheriff, who arrests him. Henry Dale 



58 

must then either go to jail or give bond. That is, must 
give security that he will either remain and stand trial 
or pay a certain sum of money. Sometimes the Sheriff 
doesn't arrest him, because Henry Dale is not to be found, 
but has gone West for his health when the Grand Jury 
meets. 

If you want to prosecute a criminal and the Grand Jury 
is not in session, you can do so by affidavit and informa- 
tion by the help of the Prosecuting Attorney. "Who is 
he ? How is the Grand Jury chosen ? 

How Juries are Chosen. 



Each year the Judge appoints two freeholders., well 
known to be of opposite politics, as Jury Commissioners 
to serve during the following calendar year. Such Jury 
Commissioners, after taking an oath to select only such 
men for jurymen as they believe to be of good repute for 
honesty and intelligence, and not to select any one who 
has asked to be selected, proceed to take from the names 
of the tax duplicate twice as many Jurymen as are re- 
quired for both Grand and Petit Jury for all the terms 
of court to be held in the county within the year. They 
shall write each man's name on a separate slip of paper 
and place the slips in a box and deliver the box locked to 
the Clerk of the Court. The commissioner whose politics 
is opposite that of the Clerk shall keep the key. 

The Jury Commissioners must also be careful to select 
men who are voters in the county and who are either free- 
holders (land owners) or householders (married men). 

Within a week before the commencement of a term of 
Court the Clerk has the Commissioner with the key to 
shake the box well and open it. The Clerk then draws 
out six slips of paper, one at a time. The names on the 



59 

slips are names of the six men who are to be the Grand 
Jurors. Then he draws twelve more for the twelve mem- 
bers of the Petit or Trial Jury. 

The Sheriff summons these Jurymen to come to court 
whenever the Judge so orders. 

Jurymen receive $2.50 a day and 5 cents for each mile 
necessarily traveled, to be paid out of the county treasury. 

If a citizen applies to be a member of the Jury or re- 
quests any one to procure him a place on either Grand or 
Petit Jury he is liable to a fine for contempt of court. 



Courts and Court Proceedings — Civil Cases. 
Circuit Court. 



What are courts for, anyway? They furnish the way 
for you to obtain these rights which the law says you are 
entitled to. All the laws in the world could do you no 
good if there were not courts to start them in motion for 
you and other persons. 

If a man has borrowed money of you and won't pay it 
back, or has bought something of you and now won't pay 
you for it, how are you going to get your money? You 
answer that you will sue him. So you will sue him, will 
you ? If you go and show him the law that says he has to 
pay it, that still doesn't get you the money. Well, then, 
let 's sue him and get it by law. You must do it all in writ- 
ing. You first get your attorney (or you may be your own 
attorney) to write your complaint, as it is called. The 
complaint must say that Mr. A. owes you a certain amount 
of money, which is now due and unpaid. If he gave you 
his note, say so, and copy the words and figures of the 
note into your complaint, and in it also ask the court to 
award you a certain amount of costs. Your complaint 
might read : 



GO 

State of Indiana, In the Circuit Court. 

County. Term, 1903. 

John Doe vs. Richard Roe. 

The plaintiff complains of the defendant and says, That the de- 
fendant on the 30th day of March, 1902, bought of the plaintiff a 
horse, for which defendant agreed to pay $150 and gave his prom- 
issory note therefor due one day after date. That said note is due 
and unpaid, and a copy of note marked exhibit "A" is made a part of 
this complaint. Wherefore, plaintiff demands judgment for $200 and 
costs and all other proper relief. 

' Plaintiff. 

Before you read any further guess how you are ever 
going to get this to the attention of the court (the Judge). 
Court is in session only certain months of each year in 
most counties. 

The law requires the Clerk to keep his office open all 
day every working day in the year. You take your writ- 
ten complaint to the Clerk and hand it to him, saying, "I 
wish to file this complaint." It is almost like mailing a 
letter. Don't try to tell the Clerk what is in the com- 
plaint, for he doesn't, care. You are not the first person 
who has ever filed a complaint. He cares no more about 
it than the postmaster cares what is in a letter you are 
mailing. But you haven't got your money yet. How- 
ever, you go home and let the matter rest for a while. 
You have written on the back of complaint the day de- 
fendant is to appear in court. He is called the defendant, 
and you are the plaintiff, because you are complaining 
and he must defend. 

In due time the Clerk writes out a slip called a "sum- 
mons" and hands to the Sheriff. It reads, 

l'o the Sheriff of County: You are 

hereby commanded to summons Richard Roe (party who owes you) 

to appear in the Circuit Court 

on the day (whatever day you have named, just 

so you have given him ten days' notice) and answer the complaint 
of (your name) wherein he claims the sum of $200. 

Signed, Clerk. 



61 

The Sheriff then goes out to hunt up this defendant to 
read him this summons and "return" the summons to 
the Clerk. If the defendant does not appear on the day 
set you may take a "default" against him. If he never 
appears, the Judge renders a judgment against him. 

But you still haven't got your money. The judgment in 
your favor doesn't authorize you to go and take his corn 
or horse or piano. The Clerk will then give the Sheriff 
an execution — an order for the Sheriff to levy on defend- 
ant's property. After giving ten days' public and written 
notice the Sheriff may sell at auction to the highest bid- 
der and pay you the amount he owes and give the defend- 
ant the remainder, if any is left. If he is a married man 
who owes you, the law allows him to keep $600 worth of 
property, no difference how much he owes. So be care- 
ful about loaning money or selling on credit to married 
men. 

But now suppose that you haven't his note, and sup- 
pose he claims that he doesn't owe you but $40, how are 
you going to get your money ? When he appears in court 
to deny some part of it, he denies by filing his ' * answer. ' ' 
Each party then names the witnesses to prove his side of 
the case and the Judge sets a day for trial. The Sheriff 
subpoenaes the witnesses and they must all take an oath 
to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the 
truth, so help them God. You, being the plaintiff, will 
go on the witness stand first. Your lawyer will sit near 
and ask you to state to the Judge or Jury all the facts of 
the transaction with defendant. He will ask you a great 
many questions. "Witnesses are asked to tell where they 
live, what their occupation is, and sometimes their age, 
even though some people would rather find a ten-dollar 
gold piece than to state their correct age in public. When 
the lawyer has asked you all he cares to you must then 
answer a good many questions by the defendant's lawyer, 



62 

who is likely to be a very bad man. This is called cross- 
examination. You don't have to answer his questions 
except on matters which your own lawyer asked you 
about. 

The Judge decides whether a witness has to answer a 
question, and if he refuses when the Judge orders him to 
answer he will pretty likely be fined or sent to jail for 
contempt of court. If one of the witnesses who was pres- 
ent at the horse trade swears a falsehood against you he 
is guilty of perjury, and it is your duty to send him to the 
penitentiary for two years and have him fined a thousand 
dollars. This is very much easier said than done. After 
you and your witnesses have told almost everything you 
know the defendant and his witnesses testify. Then the 
lawyers argue the case just like debating the question at 
school, "What is the more useful, the horse or the cow?" 

I had forgotten to say that if either side demands a jury 
the trial must be conducted in the presence of a Jury of 
twelve men, who must be either married or the owner of 
land. By agreement of all interested parties the Jury may 
be a less number. So you see what is necessary for you 
to serve on a Jury. Then the lawyers make their speeches 
to the Jury, but the Judge remains present to see that 
lawyers do not ask improper questions nor say improper 
things. 

Most trials are held in the big room of the court house, 
called the Court Room. You have been there, haven't 
you? All courts must be open to the public. You can go 
quietly in at any time and observe the proceedings. Do 
you know who is the Judge for your county? Or the 
Prosecuting Attorney? 

The costs in a suit mean the fees charged by the Clerk 
and Sheriff, and the witnesses. The losing party in a 
lawsuit is supposed to have been in the wrong, therefore 
responsible for the lawsuit, and must pay the costs. But 



63 

if you sue for $150, and the defendant offers to pay $40, 
and the Judge or Jury finds that he owes you but $35, 
then you must pay all the costs. The costs vary from $10 
to $30, outside of the witness fees. Witnesses are allowed 
$1.25 a day and 5 cents a mile for the round trip from 
their home to the county seat. 

The court just described, which. is carried on at the 
County Court House, is called the Circuit Court. So when 
you hear men say they will sue in the Circuit Court they 
mean they will go to the county seat and file their com- 
plaint with the County Clerk and have the Sheriff notify 
the witnesses and defendant. 

If either party is dissatisfied with the verdict he can 
appeal to the Supreme or Appellate Courts as explained 
in the chapter on "Laws, Lawyers and Practice." All 
verdicts in a Justice of the Peace Court may be appealed 
to the Circuit Court and tried as a new case. 

If a person is arrested for a crime or misdemeanor when 
court is not in session, he can not have his trial at that 
time. Unless charged with murder he can give bond or 
bail if friends will sign it, and thus remain free till time 
for the trial. This bond is a written guarantee that he 
will not run away, but will stand his trial even if he has 
to go to the penitentiary. If his bond is $1,000, and he 
runs away, the county first takes his property for the 
bond, and if that doesn't bring $1,000 his bondsmen must 
come in and pay the remainder. The bond money goes 
to the school fund. 

The jurisdiction or authority of each Judge extends 
over what is called a judicial district. This may be one 
or more counties, according to population. About 50,000 
inhabitants is an average district population. In each dis- 
trict a Judge is elected every six years. 



64 
Prosecuting Attorney. 

In each judicial district a Prosecuting Attorney is 
elected every two years; it is his duty to prosecute all 
criminals. He receives a salary of $500 a year from the 
State and a fee of $5 from every person convicted of mis- 
demeanor — unless the prisoner lays out his fine in jail. 
Then the Prosecutor loses his fee. In certain cases in the 
Circuit Court he gets $7.50. 

"When the defendant in a divorce suit is unable to em- 
ploy a lawyer to prevent the divorce the Prosecutor must 
act as defendant attorney if requested to do so. When a 
Prosecutor dies or resigns the Governor appoints some at- 
torney to fill the vacancy. He generally has a deputy in 
each township who may claim a fee for each conviction in 
a Justice's Court in the township. The Justice must no- 
tify the deputy whenever an arrest is made, and the dep- 
uty may claim his fee even when the person arrested 
pleads guilty. 

Justice of the Peace. 

If you sue for a small amount and want to give your 
neighbors something to talk about, you will probably sue 
before a Justice of the Peace — 'Squire So and So. 

He is a minor Judge and the Constable is his Sheriff. 
His jurisdiction in civil cases is his township ; in criminal 
cases the county. The Justice is his own Clerk. Either 
side may demand a jury — usually a jury of six — and the 
loser pays the costs. You can sue for amounts below 
$200 in a Justice's Court. The Justice can administer 
oaths, acknowledge deeds, and solemnize marriage con- 
tracts, but can not grant divorces. 

All suits for money or for right of way, etc., are called 



65 

civil suits. We can't put a man in jail in this country 
for debt, but we can for crime. Any case in which a man 
may be punished in any way is called a "Criminal Case," 
or "State's Case/' even if the fine is only one cent. "When 
Henry Dale gets drunk in public and creates a disturb- 
ance, he doesn't thereby become indebted to anyone for 
$5, but owes the State. Any boy or girl or man or woman 
may go before a Justice of the Peace or Mayor and make 
an affidavit that such is true. The affidavit reads : 



State of Indiana, County, ss : 

State of Indiana vs. Henry Dale. 

Weary Willie, being duly sworn upon his oath, says, that in said 
county on or about the 20th of January, 1903, Henry Dale was then 
and there unlawfully found in a state of intoxication in a public 
place, to-wit: The Main street of Needmore. 

Weary Willie. 
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 22d of January, 1903. 

I. G., Justice of the Peace. 

The Justice must issue a warrant somewhat as follows : 



State of Indiana, County, ss : 

To any Constable of County, you are hereby 

commanded to arrest Henry Dale and bring him forthwith before me 
to answer the charge of being drunk, etc. 

When Henry arrives the Justice pushes back his spec- 
tacles and asks: "What answer do you make, guilty or 
not guilty?" If he answers guilty the Justice must im- 
pose a fine and charge him up with the costs. Henry must 
pay the bill, or stay it or go to jail and stay as many days 
as he owes dollars. 

All this prosecution may be done in the Circuit just as 
easily as in a Justice's Court. If he pleads not guilty he 
doesn't have to prove that he was not drunk or anything 
else. The State, or prosecution must prove beyond all 
reasonable doubt that he was drunk or the Justice must 



66 

acquit him, that is, set him free and tell him to go about 
his business. A man can not be punished for refusing to 
testify against himself, and the law gives the accused 
person the benefit of every doubt. 

Some Legal Advice. 

Now, just because you know some law — and it is quite 
likely that you now know more of it, and more how to 
use it than the average voter — don't make a business of 
threatening your friends with lawsuits, or your friends 
will become very scarce. Laws and courts are only to be 
used as a last resort. The man who always talks of tak- 
ing his troubles to court usually finds it a most expensive 
school of experience, where the knowledge gained is 
worth less than the tuition. The study of law is a grand 
and inspiring study. Your very freedom is guaranteed 
to you by the laws of your country and State. Persons 
who know the law very rarely get into court. Still if you 
can't get justice otherwise, then go to the law. 

Town Government. 

In the country are a number of small towns and vil- 
lages. You have perhaps been thru several of them. 
"Which ones? Some are incorporated — that is, have a 
town Government. The law-making part of this Govern- 
ment is the Board of Trustees, not less than three nor 
more than seven, elected by the people. 

The Trustees may levy taxes for improvements, such as 
sidewalks, streets, public wells and electric lights, to pro- 
vide apparatus for extinguishing fires, etc. 

The Town Marshal is to keep the peace, to arrest drunk 
or disorderly persons, and supervise the working of the 



67 

streets. The Town Clerk keeps the minutes of the Trus- 
tees' meetings and the Town Treasurer has charge of the 
town funds. When a peddler or an auctioneer wishes to 
sell goods at the houses or upon the street he often has to 
go to the Clerk and obtain a license to do so. It costs a 
man about a dollar for the privilege of selling a wagon 
load of watermelons on the street unless he has raised 
them himself. Of course, he can sell to merchants without 
any license. A town may also have a board of three 
School Trustees, but if the population is less than 1,500 
the school is usually controlled and supported by the 
Township Trustee. 

City Government. 

The law making part of a city Government is the 
Common Council and the City Mayor. There are also 
the City Clerk, the City Treasurer and the City Marshal, 
who have about the same duties as the corresponding offi- 
cials in a town. A town must attain a population of 2,000 
before it can change into a city Government. A city Gov- 
ernment has greater powers than a town Government, and 
for that reason the people of a town nearly always vote 
to adopt the city Government just as soon as they can 
count enough people — 2,000 — sometimes before. 

Cities below 10,000 in population are legally known as 
cities of the fifth class. Under the present law the Mayor 
is elected for a term of four years, beginning with No- 
vember, 1905. On the same day a Councilman is elected 
from each ward and at least two Councilmen at large are 
elected, each for a term of four years. The city must be 
divided into at least three wards. The Mayor appoints 
the City Marshal, and the Council appoints the Night 
Watchman. The Mayor presides at all meetings of the 
Council which must be at least once each month, and he 



68 

has the same judicial powers that a Justice of the Peace 
has. 

The regulations passed by the Trustees of a town or by 
the City Council of a city are called ordinances. These 
are published in the papers so the people will know about 
them, and are then laws for the people who live or stop 
there, just as much as the State laws. So you had better 
read the papers. In some cities and towns they fine a man 
for leaving his horse untied on the street or for driving 
too fast on the streets, or for riding a bicycle on the side- 
walk, or for peddling goods without a license. Sometimes 
a Marshal arrests a stranger for doing some of these 
things, while people who live there do the same every 
day. It is a good Marshal who enforces all the laws 
and ordinances against all the people all the time. 

"When a man violates a city ordinance and is arrested, 
he is generally brought before the Mayor for trial. A 
railroad company not long ago violated a city ordinance 
by refusing to put a flagman at a certain street crossing 
to warn persons of approaching trains. Well, the Marshal 
couldn't arrest the railroad. But the city notified the 
railroad agent of the town (the city ticket agent and 
telegraph operator) to appear in court. The Mayor in- 
flicted a heavy fine on the road and they had to pay it 
or the city w r ould have taken possession of one or more 
of its trains, arrested the men who tried to take the train 
away and put them into the jail or calaboose. 

A city may build or purchase an electric light plant, a 
system of water works and furnish light and water to the 
people. Or they may charter a private person to do so. 

The city schools are entirely controlled by a board of 
three School Trustees, elected by the Council. They usu- 
ally employ a City Superintendent to make the course of 
study and assume a general control of all the schools of 
the city. 



69 

If you can conveniently do so visit two or three Coun- 
cil meetings in succession. Go early and stay till the 
meeting adjourns. 

The Poor House. 

In almost every county there is a large farm known in 
law as the County Farm, but generally called by the peo- 
ple, "The Poor House." This is kept by a superintendent 
appointed by the County Commissioners as a home for the 
aged and helpless who have no other home. The Trustee 
may assist poor persons in his township to the extent of 
$15 a year each, and by special permission of the Com- 
missioners may give still more. If it appears that such 
persons are likely to remain permanently "on the town- 
ship," that is, can never make a living, the Trustee 
must take them to the County Farm. This is generally a 
pretty good sort of home and sometimes persons, just as 
a matter of pure laziness, go there to make it their home. 

Township Trustee. 

No public office is more important directly to you and 
your neighbors, than that of Township Trustee. He has 
much more to do with affairs in which you and the neigh- 
bors have a personal interest than has the Governor or 
the President. There are 1,016 townships in Indiana, and 
therefore 1,016 Trustees; there is only one Governor for 
the State, and one President for the forty-eight different 
States. So that in reality all of the Trustees of the State 
are a much more important affair in Indiana than the 
Governor or President. 

The Township Trustee is the general manager, book- 
keeper, treasurer, educational overseer for all the people 



70 

of the township outside the cities and incorporated towns, 
and the "overseer of the poor" for the whole population, 
including cities and towns. In townships containing large 
cities, the Trustee's office is often thronged all day long 
in the winter time, by poor or unfortunate persons seeking 
aid — money for coal, or food or clothing, sometimes, tho 
not often, for school books. 

In the rural districts the Trustee is regarded by many 
persons as a bureau of free information, and they consult 
him for all kinds of legal advice, for which a lawyer 
would charge a fee. Many persons also give advice quite 
as freely as they ask it, and the Trustee who tries to heed 
it all has a hard task. "While his position gives him great 
powers, his responsibility is also very great, and he usu- 
ally receives so much criticism and so little credit and a 
good Trustee is so valuable to the township that the office 
ought to pay a great deal more salary than it does. Since 
the first edition of this book, the writer has visited about 
700 Township Trustees. A majority of them declare that 
if the election w r ere to do over again, they would not 
under any circumstances have the office and its annoy- 
ance at the salary now allowed by law, which is $2.00 a 
day. An interesting problem is, "How can we induce 
good business men or school men to accept the office?" 
The following are some of the Trustee's duties: 

He, in the first place, must keep a written record of all 
the township business. Must take charge of the financial 
affairs of the township. Receive from the County Treas- 
urer all money belonging to the township and pay out 
the same according to law. 

If any Road Supervisor dies or resigns the Trustee must 
appoint someone to fill the vacancy. 

He must see that all the different township funds for 
roads, schools, poor and other purposes, be used in the 



71 

right way, and perform all the duties which once were 
performed by a Township Board. 

Previous to 1859, every township had three Trustees, 
who together constituted a Board for the transaction of 
township business. It had also a Town Clerk and a Town- 
ship Treasurer. All these offices were elected annually 
by the voters of the township. Owing to the expense and 
the fact that a divided responsibility did not produce the 
best results, the system was abolished in 1859. 

If any property, such as road tools, school property or 
any other belongs to the township, the Trustee must see 
after its protection. 

He builds all schoolhouses, keeps the schools in session, 
purchases fuel, provides repairs, takes care of the prem- 
ises, in fact, the Trustee is expected to see after all the 
school affairs of every kind, and many are the tales of 
needed repairs and changes, etc., that he must listen to. 
He is by law the inspector of all elections in his precinct, 
unless some candidate on some ticket is a near kinsman 
— as near as second cousin, in which case he is ineligible. 

The present school system of Indiana is generally con- 
sidered one of the best in the United States or in the 
world. The education of the people ranks very high. This 
is almost entirely the work of the past and present Town- 
ship Trustees of the State. The influence of a Governor 
or a President in such matters is very small, if indeed they 
have any at all. 

The rates of the township taxes are proposed by the 
Township Trustee based upon what will probably be re- 
quired to carry on the needed business for the ensuing 
year. Each year early in August he makes out in writing 
what is called " Estimate of Expenditures and Tax Lev- 
ies for the Year 191 — . " In this he. states just how much 
money is needed for each of the township funds, and what 



72 

the rate of taxes must be to raise the money. He posts up 
a copy of this estimate in each postoffice in his township 
and publishes the same also in two papers representing 
the two leading political parties in the county, and if a 
paper is published in the township he also publishes his 
estimates in it. 

"When the Township Advisory Board of three mem- 
bers meets on the first Tuesday of September of each 
year the Trustee places before them this estimate, to- 
gether with a statement of the assessed valuation of all 
the taxable property of the township. He then shows 
them by items just what he needs — which is necessarily 
a very extensive list and the board may either order the 
levy asked for, or make a different levy. 

On or before the first Tuesday in June of each year 
the Advisory Board shall meet with the Trustee and levy 
a road tax of not more than 30 cents on each $100 of 
property in the township. This tax may be worked out 
by the property owners up to the amount of $20. They 
may also levy a tax of 10 cents to be paid in money with 
other taxes. 

The Trustee's salary is fixed by the Advisory Board — 
that is, they determine how many days he shall devote to 
township business at $2 a day. In townships with a pop- 
ulation above 25,000 a salary is fixed by the County Com- 
missioners of not less than $1,000 nor more than $1,500. 
In townships with a population of less than 25,000 and 
an assessed valuation of not less than $20,000,000, a sal- 
ary is fixed at not less than $1,000 nor more than $1,500. 
In townships with a population of not less than 25,000 
nor more than 75,000, and having an assessed valuation 
of not less than $26,000,000, a salary is fixed by the 
County Commissioners at not less than $1,500 nor more 
than $2,200; and in townships of over 100,000 his salary 
is $2,500. 



73 

Each January the Trustee must make a full settlement 
with his Advisory Board, who go over his books to see 
that the township business is being properly recorded. 

A Trustee holds his office for four years, and can serve 
but one term in eight years. Who is your present Trus- 
tee? How many past Trustees of your township can you 
remember? 



Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of re- 
ligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the 
freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably 
to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of griev- 
ances. — Amendment I to Federal Constitution. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu- 
tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, 
respectively, or to the people. — Amendment X to Federal Constitution. 

Road Supervisor. 

A farmer once wished to express his contempt for a 
statesman who had been President of the United States. 
Said the farmer, "I would not vote for that man for Road 
Supervisor," thus implying that the office of Road Super- 
visor is a very humble office. A few years before, when 
this same farmer was helping elect this statesman to the 
office of President, he said, "Let's vote the straight 
ticket, from President down to Road Supervisor." But 
the Supervisor may be as important to you some day as 
the President. He can command or "warn out" every 
able-bodied man in his "Road District" to labor upon the 
public highway, under his direct supervision, not less 
than two nor more than four days each year. This ap- 
plies to men between the ages of 21 and 50 years. And if 
a citizen, after being warned, neglects or refuses to work 
at the place and on the day ordered by the Supervisor, 
or to send a hand, it is the duty of the Supervisor to sue 
him. No property is exempt from such a suit. He must 



74 

pay $1.50 for each day that he should have worked. If 
the Supervisor is aware that the citizen owns a team of 
horses, oxen or mules, or a wagon or road scraper, he may 
order the citizen to bring them and use them in his road 
work. And if the citizen refuses, then the Supervisor 
need not accept any of his services, but may charge him 
up with $1.50 for each day he was expected to work. This 
$1.50 a day is called "commutation money." But if he 
brings a team he is allowed a day's time for each team. 
In an emergency the Supervisor may warn out the citizens 
at any time to repair a road and give them credit on their 
time for the next year. 

Each Township Trustee shall divide his township into 
any suitable number of road districts, not to exceed four. 
Such road districts shall not be held to include any part 
or parts of cities or incorporated towns that may be in 
the tow r nship in which such districts are located. Such 
road districts shall be as nearly equal in number of miles 
of roads as practicable. Whenever such Trustee shall 
deem it necessary he may make such changes in such road 
districts as will subserve the public interests. In 1913 
the Legislature passed a law which fixed the time of 
electing Road Supervisors at the general election in 1914, 
and every two years thereafter, and provided that all va- 
cancies be filled by appointment by the Township Trus- 
tee. Such Supervisor shall hold his office for the term of 
two years and until his successor has been elected and 
qualified. He shall carry into effect all orders of the 
Trustee of the township in which the road district is sit- 
uated touching the highways and bridges therein, and 
keep the same in good repair. Each Road Supervisor 
shall receive for his services actually performed the sum 
of $2.00 per day, for not to exceed sixty days in any one 
year. In case of election of only one Supervisor for a 
township, the township may extend the time said Super- 



75 

visor shall work to not more than 120 days in any one 
year. 



Treason against the United States shall consist in levying war 
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and 
comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- 
timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. — Art. Ill, Sec. 2, Federal Constitution. 



State School System and Its Administration — State 
Superintendent. 

AYe have already seen the relation of the County Super- 
intendent and of the Township Trustee to the common 
school. 

At the head of the State school system, however, is the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, or State Superin- 
tendent, as he is more often called. By virtue of his 
office he is a Trustee of the State Normal School, which 
is for the purpose of preparing teachers to teach in the 
common schools of Indiana. He is also a member of the 
State Board of Education which chooses all the school 
texts and prepares the course of study for all the schools 
of the State. He is required by law to visit each county 
at least once during his term of office, to ascertain the 
condition of the school funds. If the permanent funds 
are not safely invested, or are not earning 6 per cent., it 
is his duty to report the County Auditor to the Legisla- 
ture. He may even direct the Prosecuting Attorney to 
bring suit in the name of the State to recover any school 
funds that are in danger of becoming lost. 

Any teacher dissatisfied with the grade of license given 
him by the County Superintendent may appeal to the 
State Superintendent, or may send his examination manu- 



76 

script to the State Superintendent direct and have it 
graded by him instead of by the County Superintendent. 
The State Superintendent is practically the Attorney-Gen- 
eral on school matters. He must give his opinion, when 
so requested, on the meaning of any part of the school 
law ; and must compile and cause to be published the 
school laws of the State. 

But the great work which has engaged the State Super- 
intendents for the last few years has been to secure more 
high schools, and the consolidation of the township 
schools; that is the establishment of a large school near 
the center of the township and the abandonment of the 
smaller district schools. This nearly always results in the 
high school. 

"While this work must be done by the wide-awake Town- 
ship Trustees, yet the plan had its origin and encourage- 
ment from the State Superintendent. In an early day 
when schools were few, and families large, and the roads 
were very bad, a State Superintendent said he "hoped to 
live to see a schoolhouse at every crossroads in Indiana.'' 
At that time he was right. But as each village now has a 
graded school which is much better than a district school, 
so many pupils come in from the country that the district 
is often left without enough pupils to make school life 
pleasant or interesting. 

The movement for centralized and high schools was 
first taken up and encouraged by State Superintendent 
David M. Geeting, who was elected in 1894. Prior to his 
administration only a township here and there had any 
high school at all. He traveled in every county in the 
State, speaking at institutes, and conferring with Town- 
ship Trustees in behalf of township high schools. The 
same ideas were vigorously advanced by State Superin- 
tendent Frank L. Jones, who was elected in 1898. and by 
Fassett A. Cotton, who was first elected in 1902, and 



77 

until now there is scarcely a township in the State that 
hasn't a high school. 

The Salary of the State Superintendent is $5,000 a year, 
an assistant is allowed $2,500 a year, and a deputy $1,800. 
The law provides $720 a year for a stenographer, and 
$1,200 for traveling expenses. He is elected for a term of 
two years. Mr. Cotton was elected in 1906 to a third 
term. Robert J. Aley, Ph. D., was elected to this office 
in 1908. For several years he had been instructor at In- 
diana University. Charles A. Greathouse was elected in 
1910. 

Candidates for this office are nominated by the regular 
Democratic and Republican State Conventions, and are 
voted for by the people the same as other candidates on 
the State ticket. As most citizens know none of the can- 
didates, they vote the State ticket by stamping the eagle or 
the rooster. So the only sure way in Indiana to get a good 
man is for both the Democratic and Republican State Con- 
ventions to nominate good men. 

The School Fund. 

The common school fund contains all the money that 
has ever been paid in the way of fines — a very large 
amount each year — all forfeited bonds of criminals, all 
money derived from lands or other property to which 
there are no heirs, and gets whatever tax may be assessed 
upon corporations for the benefit of the common school 
fund. From 1834 to 1859 the State of Indiana was a 
stockholder in the State Bank, and the State's share of 
profits in that time amounted to $3,750,000, all of which 
went into the common school fund. 

Then we have the "Congressional Township School 
Fund," which together with all money derived from 
liquor licenses and unclaimed fees, constitute the "School 



78 

Revenue for Tuition." The United States Government 
owns all the land of the State, until the land has been en- 
tered by settlers, and until then, called "Congress Land." 
But Congress donated to Indiana each section numbered 
16 — see "How Land is Surveyed " — the proceeds from the 
sale of such land to go to th* Congressional Township 
School Fund. It has practically all been sold long ago. 

These school funds are distributed among the different 
County Auditors to be loaned at 6 per cent, on real estate 
mortgage and insured improvements. Only the interest 
can be used. The school funds are not to be permitted to 
diminish, and the Common School Fund constantly in- 
creases. A county of 25,000 population is likely to have 
about $27,000 of the Congressional School Fund and about 
$75,000 of the Common School Fund. The County Audi- 
tor must either keep this money loaned out, or the county 
must pay the State Treasurer the interest. He can loan 
one person but $2,000, and for only five years. The 
property mortgaged must be worth twice the amount of 
the loan. The interest on the Congressional Township 
Fund is collected by the County Treasurer and is distrib- 
uted among the different townships according to the num- 
ber of school children enumerated. 

Interest on the Common School Fund is also collected 
by the County Treasurer, and taken to the State Treas- 
urer, and is by him redistributed to the different counties 
according to the number of persons of school age in each 
county, as shown by the report of the State Superin- 
tendent. The interest on these funds all goes to the Tui- 
tion Fund to pay teachers' wages. There is also by law 
a State tax of 13 cents on each $100 worth of property, 
and 50 cents poll tax, for the benefit of the Tuition Fund. 
The School Trustees of townships, towns and cities may 
levy a tuition tax of 50 cents on each $100 and a poll tax 
of $1.00, within their jurisdiction, for tuition. 



79 

In some counties where the land is poor, this rate is 
necessary, for the law requires that every township shall 
maintain a six months' term of school. 

Every male citizen between the ages of 21 and 50 years 
must pay the poll tax, whether he owns property or not. 
The Congressional School Fund is about $2,500,000; the 
Common School Fund is about $8,000,000; the interest 
from both is about $600,000 annually. 

It requires 16,000 teachers to teach the schools of In- 
diana, and $5,000,000 a year to pay them. All the teach- 
ers together would make a larger crowd than attends the 
County Fair on Thursday. Schoolhouses and school fur- 
niture, etc., are paid for by special school tax, levied by 
the Trustees of each township, town and city. It may be 
as high as 50 cents on the $100 and 50 cents poll tax. It 
creates the "Special School Fund." 

The State University at Bloomington, Purdue Univer- 
sity at Lafayette, and the State Normal School at Terre 
Haute are each supported by special tax created by law 
for them. You can see illustrations and descriptions of 
these schools in your geographies. 



Political Parties — Machinery and Conventions. 



Of course you think you belong to some political party. 
Very likely it is the same one to which your father belongs. 
That is all right, provided that your motive is all right. 
But by the time you are 21 you should have a still better 
reason for your views than that you were raised that way. 
This is not saying a young man should join a different 
party just to be different, nor because it is in power, for 
if he does that he isn't a good citizen. All policies of Gov- 
ernment are now effected through political parties, and a 



80 

man without a party can accomplish but little, if anything, 
in Government matters. If you are a well informed citi- 
zen you will soon see some things in your own party prin- 
ciples which you don't quite like, and some things in an- 
other party's principles w r hich you like pretty well. This 
shows that your own party is not all good, nor the others 
all bad. The most important work of parties is in the con- 
vention where they nominate a ticket and adopt a plat- 
form. The platform is a statement of the principles the 
party will put into practice if elected — maybe. They 
often have fierce debates and quarrels over the platform. 

Did you ever attend a convention and see them nom- 
inate the best ticket which your county ever had, and hear 
the speeches ? Did you never? Well, maybe you wouldn't 
have paid any attention to the proceedings if you had 
attended a dozen. The next time your father and brother 
go to the County Convention, go along if you can, and see 
them help to down the "ring" and the "bosses." 

A convention is a party affair. As the Democratic and 
Eepublican parties are organized exactly alike a descrip- 
tion of a convention of one party will also describe that of 
the other. How all the voters of a party could agree on 
the same candidates was for many years a mystery to me 
— especially how they could agree upon a candidate for 
President. Well, each Township is divided into precincts. 
A precinct is that portion of a township wherein all the 
voters vote at one place on election day, and must not con- 
tain more than 250 voters — called also electors. In coun- 
ties where voting is done with a machine a precinct may 
contain 600 voters. A man can vote only in the precinct 
in which he lives. 

Early in the spring of every campaign year — each year 
that ends in even numbers, as 1904, 1906, 1908, etc., the 
County Chairman issues a call to the voters of his party. 
to meet in their respective precincts to elect a Precinct 



81 

''Committeeman,'' to select delegates to the district meet- 
ings, and also delegates to the State Convention. There 
are about 3,000 precincts in Indiana, each with its Dem- 
ocratic and Republican Committeeman. Do you know 
who they are in your precinct and how many precincts in 
your township? Soon afterward all the Precinct Commit- 
teemen of the county meet and organize themselves into a 
County Committee and elect another Chairman or re-elect 
the former chairman. The County Chairman calls the com- 
mittee together occasionally to report on the condition of 
the party in their respective precincts and townships, and 
to decide what kind of a County Convention they prefer — 
whether a delegate or mass convention or primary elec 
tion. If the committee in its wisdom decides on a delegate 
convention the County Chairman issues a call through the 
papers calling the voters of his party together in their 
townships to select delegates — usually eight to twenty — to 
represent the people in the County Convention. On the 
day set by the County Committee the delegates meet at 
the appointed place, usually some City Hall. The meeting 
is called to order by the County Chairman, who generally 
makes a short speech, and closes by saying, "Gentlemen, 
whom will you have for Chairman of this convention?" 
A delegate arises and nominates the County Chairman 
or some other man for the place. The first man nominated 
is usually chosen. The Chairman of the convention then 
takes charge of the meeting and begins to call for nomina- 
tions — usually Representative first. A delegate who has 
been asked to present the name of John Smith arises and 
tells the convention why Smith should be nominated. An- 
other delegate nominates Jones, another Brown, another 
names Jenks. Sometimes as many as a dozen names are 
presented for one office. Then the Chairman instructs 
the Secretary to call the roll of townships. As each one 
is called a delegate arises and announces the vote of his 



82 

township. If it is entitled to twelve delegates, the vote 
may stand: Smith 4, Jones 1, Brown 2, Jenks 5. When 
the roll call is finished it is seen that Jenks has received 
the most votes. But in order to be nominated one must 
receive a majority of all the votes in the convention. On 
the third ballot Smith receives 42 votes out of the 80, and 
the Chairman declares him to be the nominee. And so on 
till the ticket is complete, Auditor, Treasurer, Clerk, Sher- 
iff, Recorder, Commissioners, Surveyor, Coroner and seven 
County Councilmen. It is then discovered that they have 
named the best and strongest ticket ever placed before 
the people. 

A month or more before the convention a candidate 
should arrange to have it announced in the papers by "his 
many friends" that he has consented to accept the nomi- 
nation for sheriff — or whatever office he may aspire to. 
He can usually make such arrangement for $5. He 
may announce in all the papers of his party published in 
the county and in all the independent papers, or in only 
that one of his papers which he chooses to recognize as 
the "party organ. " 

From the day of the convention till election day — al- 
ways on Tuesday following the first Monday in November 
— the candidates attend every old settlers' meeting, every 
public sale, and every rally in the county, shaking hands 
and asking the people to support them. If it is a "close" 
count}^, that is, if the parties are about equally divided, 
candidates don't like to be too independent for fear they 
will lose a vote or two. A delegate convention is often 
very unfair, as it often defeats the will of the party. A 
better way to nominate a ticket is by a mass convention 
where the voters from all over the county assemble in a 
grove near the city. When two or more candidates are 
presented all those who are for Smith line upon one side ; 
all those for Jones on the other, and are counted. Who- 



83 

ever has the most men on his side is nominated. The chief 
objection to this system of nominating county candidates 
is that the county is so large that some have to come so 
far that they don't always come. A mass convention 
scarcely ever brings out more than one-fifth of the party 
strength. This system is better adapted to a township 
where every voter lives near. The third system is the 
most expensive but the fairest of all — the primary election. 
It is a regular election within the party. But it requires 
hard work to get ready to hold elections. There must be 
clerks, inspectors and judges to see that the ballots are 
counted and counted fairly. And they must have pay. 
The candidates, however, pay the bill. A primary election 
generally brings out at least two-thirds of the party in 
each precinct. Whenever a man takes part in a conven- 
tion he is supposed to support the ticket nominated, but 
he doesn't always do so, and doesn't have to. 

What has become of those delegates to the "district 
meeting?" Upon the call of the State Chairman and the 
Chairman of the Congressional District, which call is made 
through all the newspapers of the party in the district, 
the delegates meet in some city named by the District 
Chairman. Their work is to elect a new district Chairman, 
or re-elect the old one, and to adopt a platform, and re- 
turn home. Then the thirteen district Chairmen of the 
State meet and organize themselves into a State Central 
Committee and elect a State Chairman. He is elected for 
a term of two years. The State committee and Chairman 
call the State Convention and manage the State campaign. 
The district Chairman manages the campaign of the can- 
didates for Congress. Candidates for Congress are nom- 
inated by delegates chosen by the people. The candidate 
for President is nominated by delegates to the National 
Convention, and each Congressional District in the United 
States is entitled to two delegates. In Indiana these are 



84 

chosen by the delegates to the State Convention. On the 
evening before the State Convention the delegates from 
the thirteen districts meet in thirteen different rooms in 
the State House and in each room two delegates are 
chosen, and two alternates, to vote in case the delegates 
fail to attend the National Convention. The State Con- 
vention as a whole also chooses four delegates "at large" 
for the State. Delegates chosen in this way will help to 
nominate the next President of the United States. Thus 
in Indiana the system of party organization is this : The 
voters of a party elect a precinct committeeman. The 
precinct committeemen elect a county chairman. The 
election of district chairmen comes back to the delegates 
from the people. The district chairmen elect a State 
chairman. The State Committee elects some one to be a 
member of the National Committee. These members of 
the National Committee from the different States elect a 
National Chairman. Senator James K. Jones, of Arkan- 
sas, was the Democratic National Chairman who managed 
both of Bryan's campaigns. Senator Marcus A. Hanna, 
of Ohio, was the Republican National Chairman who man- 
aged both of McKinley's campaigns. Mr. Thomas Tag- 
gart, of Indiana, was the Democratic National Chairman 
who managed Judge Parker's campaign; Mr. George B. 
Cortelyou, of New York, managed the campaign of Pres- 
ident Roosevelt. It required fifty years to get the system 
of party machinery fully developed. Once established 
and set in motion it is easily kept going. 

The Law of Contracts. 

The management of the world's business is a never- 
ending round of making contracts. Therefore some knowl- 
edge of the law of contracts is a necessary part of every 



85 

person's education who transacts any business with his 
fellowmen. 

In almost every conversation we hold we make some 
sort of a contract. A sale of goods is a contract. Mar- 
riage is a contract, and every plaintiff in a divorce suit 
asks the court to " annul the marriage contract." 

The first principle of the law of contract is that every 
person must do as he agrees to. To fail to do so is to 
commit breach of contract. 

A contract to be binding upon the parties must contain 
certain necessary elements. First, it must be legal. For 
instance, if a man agrees to steal you a horse and goes 
back on his word, you can not sue him for breach of con- 
tract. 

A contract to be binding must be an agreement to do 
something which is possible. If you agree to jump over 
the moon for $5, and don't jump clear over, the other 
party can not sue you for breach of contract, even if 
he has partly or entirely paid you. You will have to re- 
turn whatever he has paid you. 

In every contract there must be a consideration, that 
is, there must be an exchange of values of services. "When 
a farmer sells a horse for $100, then we say the $100 is 
the consideration which he received for it. A promissory 
note is a contract and the words in it " value received" 
represent the consideration. If you agree to make a man 
a present of $10 next Saturday, you don't have to do so, 
altho the man may be damaged by having his calculations 
to use it, and getting his plans upset. But if you agree 
to pay him $10 for his pencil you must pay, 'though the 
consideration is out of all proportion to the article bought. 
Perhaps you could avoid paying the $10 on the grounds 
that you were insane when you contracted to do so. 

The contract to be binding must be made between 



86 

parties able to make a contract. Minors (persons under 
21 years of age), insane persons, idiots and persons intox- 
icated are not capable of making contracts, and are not 
bound by them. And this is right, as it prevents dishonest 
men from imposing upon persons of deficient judgment. 

Before a contract is binding upon either party it must 
be assented to by both parties. If you tell a man you 
will bring him a horse next week to sell him at $40, you 
had better get him to say that he will give you $40 before 
you take him the horse, or he won't have to buy him. On 
the other hand, if he tells you he will come on a certain 
day to buy your horse at $35 you are not obliged to say 
that you will or will not take it. But when he comes after 
the horse you don't have to sell him unless you want to, 
for it takes two to make a bargain. I know of a certain 
man who gets badly fooled every little while by trying to 
make a trade by himself. Yet he goes and fools himself 
the same way again before long. If you priced the horse 
at $50 or more you wouldn't be bound to sell even if you 
had agreed to, unless you had signed an agreement or had 
received part of the money. The statute on this subject 
reads thus : 

"No contract for the sale of any goods, for the price 
of $50 or more, shall be valid, unless the purchaser shall 
receive part of such property or shall give something in 
earnest to bind the bargain or in part payment ; or unless 
some note or memorandum in writing be made, and signed 
by the party to be charged thereby, or by some person 
lawfully authorized by him." 

The statute is quoted here, because otherwise it is some- 
times difficult to convince people that such is really the 
law. 

The word "goods" doesn't always mean "dry goods." 
It may mean "wet goods" or hardware, or hogs or wheat. 



87 

A stock buyer by the strange name of Smith, one fall, 
went through a certain neighborhood buying hogs at 5 
cents a pound. The farmers were to deliver the hogs at 
a certain pair of scales on a certain morning about two 
weeks later. Before the day came, however, hogs were 
worth 6 cents. Smith had paid no money on them, but 
he was at the scales that morning fully expecting the 
farmers to bring their hogs to market. But not a hog nor 
a farmer appeared, and the buyer lost $400 of expected 
profits. Could he bring suit for damages? No, because 
each farmer's drove of hogs was worth more than $50. If 
one farmer's drove had been worth less than $50, then 
Smith could have sued that one farmer. Next year the 
same buyer went through the same neighborhood and 
offered the farmers a great deal more for their hogs than 
they were worth. Of course, he again contracted for all 
the hogs in the country, and every farmer bright and 
early started to the market on the day appointed to get a 
big pocket full of money. But where was Smith? He was 
miles away from the crowd of angry farmers, honest old 
farmers. They threatened to sue him. But they could no 
more sue him now than he could sue them for forgetting 
their promise a year before. Smith had in this manner 
collected the only damages he could collect. But the man 
who is always trying to get even rarely has time to be a 
successful man. The man who derives satisfaction from 
causing other people trouble is generally a bad citizen. 
But this Smith was a pretty good citizen, for he taught his 
neighbors a good and useful lesson, which it seemed they 
could not learn any other way. 

Other contracts which have to be signed are chiefly for 
the sale of land. Also any agreement that is not to be 
performed within one year from the date of making the 
contract. There are still others of which your lawyer 
can tell you. 



88 

A contract must be without fraud. If a man sells a 
horse guaranteeing him to be " sound in wind and limb,'' 
when the horse has the heaves at the time, the purchaser 
need not pay for him or can get his money back if he has 
paid. But he must return the horse. But the party in- 
tending to defraud the other remains bound by the con- 
tract, for it is a principle of law that one can not take 
advantage of his own wrong doing. 

So a contract to be binding must be legal ; it must be to 
do something which is possible ; it must be made by per- 
sons capable of making it ; there must be a consideration ; 
there must be the assent of both parties ; it must be with- 
out fraud; it must in certain instances be written and 
signed. Commit to memory the elements of a binding 
contract. Violation of the contract by one party releases 
the other. 

People are always committing some little violations of 
contract which are harmless, and to which sensible men 
pay no attention. If you are dealing with a rogue, how- 
ever, be careful, for he may be watching for some chance 
to sue you for breach of contract, so that he can get into 
court. 

When a man fails or refuses to do as he has agreed, you 
can't make him do it, and the law can't make him do it. 
That is, the Sheriff can not take hold of his hands, place 
tools in them and compel him to build a house. That 
would be assault and battery. Suppose you had a con- 
tract with him in writing by which he was to build you a 
house for a certain sum of money, you to furnish the ma- 
terial. After you have all the material hauled he repudi- 
ates the contract and leaves you waiting for a house. All 
you can do is to calculate how much money you have lost 
by not getting it built when you wanted it, by the waste 
of lumber, and the inconvenience, and then sue him for 



89 

probably twice that sum of money, as damages for breach 
of contract. Then, if you get a judgment against him for 
an amount of money, you can collect it by an execution in 
the same way you would collect another debt. You re- 
member how that is, don't you? Sometimes the Judge de- 
cides that he has to perform his part of the contract, and 
issues a mandamus or an order for him to do so. Then he 
can take his choice of performing his agreement or going 
to jail. 

. Roads and Highways. 

What we commonly call the "big road" is known in 
law as the public highway." It belongs to the public, 
and that part of it which runs past your door is as much 
the property of the traveler from Arkansas as it is yours. 
And that which runs by the door of the Arkansas traveler 
is as much yours as his. For this reason a landowner can 
not jerk and twist the road from place to place on his land 
without the consent of the County Commissioners, nor 
without giving his neighbors a chance to object. When- 
ever a farmer desires to change the road upon his own 
land he must post up three notices in three public places 
in the neighborhood stating that a certain term of the 
Commissioners' Court he will petition the Board for per- 
mission to change the road and must say just what change 
he desires permission to make. Then the farmer files his 
petition, and the Commissioners appoint three disinter- 
ested landowners as viewers, who go to the place of the 
proposed change and report to the Commissioners either 
their approval or disapproval of the change. If the view- 
ers report in favor of the change, any landowner in the 
neighborhood may remonstrate against it, and the Com- 
missioners then try the case on the facts, and if they find 
that the public will not be materially injured by the pro- 



"90 

posed change they grant the petitioner permission to 
make it. If the viewers report unfavorably, the petitioner 
may demand the trial and must abide by it. The peti- 
tioner must pay all the costs of the proceedings, except 
that when a party remonstrates and the Commissioners 
find against him he must pay the costs, if any, occasioned 
by the remonstrance. 

Whenever it is desired to change the location of a road, 
or to open up an entirely new line of road or to discon- 
tinue (vacate) a road over the lands of other parties it 
can be done in the following manner : 

Twelve freeholders (landowners), six of whom must 
reside in the immediate vicinity of the place where the 
new road is to be laid out, or where the old one is to be 
vacated or where the change is to be made, must petition 
the County Commissioners. But they must show to the 
Board that they have given notice of such application by 
publication for three weeks successively in a newspaper 
published in the county or by posting up notices in three 
public places in the neighborhood for twenty days. Then 
the Board of Commissioners shall appoint three persons 
who do not live in the neighborhood to view the highway 
proposed to be located, changed or vacated. 

The viewers must take an oath to perform their duty 
faithfully and agree to meet on some day to view such 
highway; and report to the Commissioners at the next 
term of their court. If the viewers approve the change, 
they describe it by metes and bounds, that is by directions 
and section numbers. 

The Commissioners make a record of the change and 
order the road to be kept in repair. The Auditor sends a 
copy of the order to the Township Trustee, who copies it 
on his record and notifies the proper Supervisor. 

Any person thru whose land such a highway passes may 



91 

remonstrate — not against the change — but for damages. 
The Commissioners must then appoint reviewers who pro- 
ceed just as the first viewers did. If they report in favor 
of damages, and the Commissioners think the county 
would be benefited to the extent of the damages, they or- 
der such damages to be paid out of the county treasury 
and order the road changed, or opened, or vacated. If 
they do not think the change worth the cost they do not 
order the change and the matter stops, unless appealed to 
the Circuit Court. 

No highway can be changed until the damages assessed 
by the reviewers have been paid. 

The county and the township may both share in the ex- 
pense of building a bridge, or culvert, or other highway 
improvement. When the cost of erecting or repairing 
shall not exceed $100 they shall be built by the Township 
Trustee and paid for out of the road fund. An act of 
1905 provides that if the Trustee of any township shall 
notify the Commissioners that the public convenience re- 
quires that a bridge at a certain location in his township 
be built or repaired, the Commissioners may cause the 
work to be done. But if the Commissioners refuse to 
appropriate the necessary money from the county treas- 
ury, the Trustee may appropriate any part of the road 
fund in the township treasury for that purpose. 

All county roads must be thirty feet wide, township 
roads twenty-five feet wide. There are very few town- 
ship roads any more. Roads generally run on what are 
called section lines, which are also generally the boundary 
lines between men's farms. In the latter case each land- 
owner must give half the road. 



92 



How Lands are Surveyed. 



All the land in Indiana is laid off into Congressional 
Townships, six miles square. Each Congressional Town- 
ship, or town, therefore, contains thirty-six square miles 
or sections, of 640 acres each. Each section numbered six- 



Range 

5 West 



17 

North ?D 



Range 4 West 



Range 
3 West 





6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 






7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 




o 


18 


17 


School 
16 

Section 


15 


14 


13 


H 




1-H 

I 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


00 

as 


1-1 

c? 




30 


29 


28 


27 


26 


25 






31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 


H 


Town 






Ran^e 


i West 






iTown 



17 

North 



The above is Congressional Town 18 North, Range 4 West. No 
other township in Indiana is so numbered. Lines AB and CD, six 
miles apart, extend from the Ohio river to the northern limits of 
the State; and every township lying between them is in Range 4 
West. Lines EF and GH, six miles apart, extend from the Indiana- 
Illinois line to the State of Ohio, and every township lying between 
them is in Town 18 North. 



93 



teen is the one which at one time belonged to the State to 
sell for the benefit of the Permanent School Fund. The 
townships are separated by range lines which run due 
north and south six miles apart, and by town lines which 
run due east and west six miles apart. 

All townships are located as being so many towns north 
or south of the base line which runs across the State from 
east to west, passing near Petersburg in Pike County and 
Charlestown, Clark County. And so many ranges east or 



John A. Roach 
N. W. H. 160 acres. 


Mary G. Miller 
N. E. V±. 160 acres. 


Thomas L. and 
Mary R. Harris 

S. W. *£. 160 acres. 


80 acres. 


> T '^iof S.E.M 
40 acres 




N. E. 14 
ofS. E. 

l i ofs. 

E. Yx. 

10 acres. 


10 acres. 



west of the meridian which runs from north to south pass- 
ing near Paoli, Bloomington, Lebanon, Logansport and 
South Bend. The north row of the townships in the State 
are all in town 38, north, which means that they are thir- 
ty-eight times six miles north of the base line. They also 
run south as far as town 8. The townships along the east 



94 

side of the State are in "range 15, east/' On the west side 
they are in range 9, west." The section lines which divide 
the township into sections run due north and south, and 
due east and west, except in Clark County and in Knox 
County, where they run diagonally. Township and county 
lines do not always follow the boundaries, for part of a 
congressional township may be in one county and part in 
another. Suppose you live in Section 20 in any township 
outside of Clark County or Knox County, then Section 17 
lies on the north, Section 21 on the east, 29 on the south, 
and 19 on the west. If you live in Section 1, then 36 is 
on the north, 2 on the west, 6 on the east, and 12 on the 
south. Sections are divided into quarters of 160 acres, 
which are subdivided into halves, quarters, etc. When- 
ever a farm is sold the deed for the land must describe it 
as being a certain part of Section No. . ., Town No. . ., 
north or south, and Range No. . ., east or west. Did you 
ever hear of a "range road?" It is the boundary line be- 
tween what ? In what section do you live ? By the dia- 
gram bound it. 

Historical Sketch. 

Indiana is not a Nation, but a State; and as such has 
little, if any, institutional history distinct and separate 
from that of other Northern Central States. Indiana is 
commonly called the "Iloosier State," "Hoosier being a 
word of doubtful origin, probably an Indian word, and 
the name of Indiana literally means Indian Land. French 
trappers and fur traders appeared within the present lim- 
its of Indiana in 1679 and opened a trade with the Miami 
and Wabash Indian tribes in the northern part. It is cer- 
tain that the great French explorer, La Salle, and a party 
of adventurous Frenchmen on their way to the Illinois 



95 

Indians crossed the northwestern part of the State in 
1680. About 1720 the French built a fort near the pres- 
ent site of La Fayette, and 1727. another at Yincennes. In 
1731 a number of French families established their homes 
at the present site of Yincennes, which fact makes it the 
oldest town in the State. By this time they had built 
forts along the streams and lakes of Illinois, Wisconsin, 
Michigan. Ohio and Canada to protect the French fur 
trading posts scattered over the vast region just named, 
and to establish the French in possession. Thus all these 
States at first were not a part of New England, but of 
New France by right of discovery and first possession. 
How old was Jamestown, Ya., when Yincennes was set- 
tled? New York? Philadelphia? "What language was 
spoken by the first white children born in the present lim- 
its of Indiana ? 

Canada and all the land which afterward became the 
Northwest Territory — Indiana. Illinois, Wisconsin, Mich- 
igan. Ohio — remained a French territory until the treaty 
which followed the French and Indian War. Your school 
histories — both Gordy's and Montgomery's — tell you that 
the French and Indian War began in 1754, and that it 
was a struggle between the French and the English for 
possession of North America. It might also be called a 
successful attempt on the part of England to take from 
France all of Canada and the five great States afterward 
comprising the Northwest Territory, which France 
already held. 

Perhaps you have read Longfellow's beautiful and 
mournful story of "Evangeline," in which he tells how 
the English in 1751 forced the French inhabitants of the 
village of Grand Pre on board the British war vessels, 
burned the village, and scattered the French colonists, 
6,000 in number, along the coast from Massachusetts to 



96 

Georgia. You remember that the decisive battle of the 
war was at Quebec, when the British army under General 
Wolfe routed the French under General Montcalm in 
1758. 

The French power in America was overthrown by this 
defeat and by the treaty of 1763 France ceded to England 
all her possession north of the Ohio River, and east of the 
Mississippi. Thus Indiana became an English possession 
with a British garrison at Vincennes. Thus it appears 
that the story of Evangeline is in part a story of the strug- 
gle for Indiana. 

Fifteen years later, that is in 1778, the third year of the 
Revolutionary "War, General George Rogers Clark with a 
small body of Virginia soldiers attacked the King's troops 
at Vincennes and drove them out. Another British force 
came down from Detroit and recaptured Vincennes. 
Clarke returned and captured the place, and Indiana and 
all the Northwest Territory passed from British authority 
to American ; but England still claimed authority over the 
whole country until after the surrender of Cornwallis at 
Yorktown in 1781. 

By our Treaty of Peace in 1783 England formally ceded 
the Territory, and parceled it out among Virginia, New 
York, Massachusetts and Connecticut, ceding most of it, 
however, to Virginia. In order to quiet the spirit of jeal- 
ousy among the States, and induce them to remain in the 
Confederation, Congress persuaded the States to surren- 
der their interests in the Northwest Territory to the Gen- 
eral Government in 1784. This gave all the States an in- 
terest in the money which settlers would pay the Govern- 
ment for farms in this section, and greatly helped hold the 
country together. Thus Indiana became "Government 
Land" in 1784. The "Northwest Territory' ' was for- 
mally organized by the "Ordinance of 1787." 



97 

In 1800 Congress organized Indiana Territory, includ- 
ing all the Northwest Territory except Ohio, with Wil- 
liam Henry Harrison as Governor. In 1805 Michigan was 
cut off, and Illinois in 1809, leaving Indiana with its pres- 
ent boundaries. By act of Congress, April 19, 1816, Indi- 
ana was authorized to form a State Government. A State 
Constitution was written by the convention which met at 
Corydon under a large elm tree — still standing. The Con- 
stitution was adopted at an election held in June, and the 
first week of Congress — December 11, 1816 — the State was 
admitted to the Union, being the nineteenth State to enter, 
thus is represented by the nineteenth star in the flag. 
Have you ever noticed what a bright star No. 19 is? 

The Indians had already been driven out or back to 
their reservations by General Anthony "Wayne; and by 
the overthrow of Tecumseh's conspiracy at Tippecanoe by 
General Harrison in 1811. 

The history of the State since being admitted has been 
chiefly that of peaceful development — clearing farms, 
building roads, towns and cities. The State has built 453 
miles of canals — all now abandoned. The capital was 
moved from Vincennes to Corydon in 1813 ; and to Indian- 
apolis in 1825. The famous panic of 1837 struck Indiana 
with especial severity, since most of the settlers had 
bought farms with borrowed capital. In 1839 the State 
could not borrow any money, and could not pay the in- 
terest on existing debts. Since 1851 we have been able to 
borrow all the money we wanted. In 1851 the people 
adopted the present Constitution for the State. 

For the Mexican War, Indiana furnished 4,500 soldiers, 
which was more than her proportional share. For the 
Civil War Indiana's enlistment was 197,000 soldiers, was 
at that time 75 per cent., or three-fourths of all her able- 
bodied men under 45 years of age. This proportion is 



98 

not equaled by any other Northern State. Twenty-six 
thousand never returned, being killed in battle or dying 
of wounds and sickness. 

Indiana was the last State to ratify the Fifteenth 
Amendment to the Federal Constitution giving negro cit- 
izens the right to vote. So many States had rejected the 
amendment that Indiana's vote was the one which w r ould 
decide the matter for it or against it. There was great 
excitement thruout the country when the Indiana Legis- 
lature, at a stormy session, came to vote upon it — and 
voted for it. That, perhaps, is the most important part 
Indiana has played in the history of the nation, for there 
has never been a time since then that the amendment 
would have been passed. 

Ours has usually been considered a "close" or "doubt- 
ful" State politically. The Democratic party and the Re- 
publican party having alternately been in and out of 
power, as may be seen by reference to the list of Indiana 
Governors. Indiana has furnished two Presidents — Wil- 
liam Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison. Also four 
Vice Presidents — Schuyler Colfax, Thomas A. Hendricks, 
Charles W. Fairbanks and Thomas R. Marshall — and a 
number of other citizens who were unsuccessful candi- 
dates for these honors. 

A Great State. 

The laws enacted by the General Assembly of Indiana 
apply to all the people who live upon a certain described 
section of the earth 's surface, 276 miles long and 145 
miles wide, and designated on the map as Indiana. The 
area of the State is 36,350 square miles, 440 square miles 
of which is water. But the real Indiana is the organized 
government and the people. 

"Whenever you travel over the State on the passenger 



99 

train, on the electric car, in the buggy or automobile, or 
on the bicycle, and see how much there is of it, and how 
well improved, you will realize what a truly great and 
grand State you live in. Yet there were not enough peo- 
ple within her borders to be entitled to a Congressman till 
1816. That was necessary before it could be admitted as 
a State. 

There are persons yet living who were small barefoot 
boys and little toddling girls in 1816. Their heads are 
white now and their step feeble, but they can tell their 
great-grandchildren about the good old days when Indi- 
ana was young and was considered a part of the far "West. 
But the new times are better and can be made much better 
than the old times, as you can hear by attending an old 
settlers' meeting. The school boy and girl of England or 
Germany never heard of an old settlers' meeting, because 
those countries have been settled so long that the first 
settlers ' bones have crumbled to dust many hundred years 
ago. 

Compared with the life of any European State our 
Country is as a strong youth beside an old man. 

In the years 1903, 1904 and 1905, more books were sold 
in the United States and England which had been written 
by Indiana authors than by the authors of any other State 
in the Union. This is the statement of the publishers and 
wholesale book merchants. Pictures of the most renowned 
Indiana literary men and women are given in this book. 
How many of their books have you read ? 

You, young citizen, must be a school teacher, or some 
other useful artisan if you would contribute your part to 
the intellectual greatness of your States, and you can not 
do it in a better way than by becoming a good school 
teacher. 



100 

State Government. 

The Governor is the executive officer of the State whose 
duty it is to enforce, or aid county, township and city of- 
ficials to enforce the laws. For this purpose he is at all 
times commander-in-chief of the State militia. Mobs, riots, 
insurrections, or other dangers to the public peace and 
security sometimes demand his prompt attention, and 
when local authorities fail, the Governor becomes the safe- 
guard of law and order. No citizen can officiate as Jus- 
tice of the Peace or Notary Public, nor as any county of- 
ficial, until commissioned as such by the Governor. 

The Pardoning Power. When one has been convicted 
of any crime other than treason and fined or sentenced to 
imprisonment or death, the Governor may either commute 
the sentence or reprieve or pardon the person convicted. 
A reprieve simply delays the time of carrying out the 
sentence. Commutation is the substitution of a lighter 
penalty than the one assessed. A pardon ends all legal 
results of the conviction. 

The Governor may also "parole" a prisoner, or order 
his release from prison either for a definite time or till 
his return is ordered. The granting of a parole during the 
good behavior of the person is considered a valuable aid 
for reformation. When the Governor remits a fine or for- 
feiture, the person must still pay the costs of the case in 
which it was incurred. 

In cases of impeachment, the Governor has no power to 
intercede, and he can only reprieve a sentence for treason 
till the General Assembly meets. 

A board of pardons has been created to examine all 
applications and make recommendations to the Governor, 
but their decision is only advisory, and he may do as he 
pleases. 



101 

The Secretary of State has chiefly to do with keeping 
records of the State and distributing documents and in- 
formation regarding public affairs, public printing, cor- 
porations and statistics ; and in affixing the State seal and 
the Governor's signature to commissions and other docu- 
ments requiring them. His term is two years. 

Most of the corporations doing business in the State, 
whether organized in Indiana or elsewhere, are required 
to file some kind of documentary evidence of the nature 
of 'their charters, and their financial responsibility and 
liability to suit in Indiana courts. The Secretary of State 
receives and keeps on file all such statements, and in some 
cases, if the statements are unsatisfactory, he may refuse 
the corporation permission to do business within the State. 

Auditor of State. His duties are prescribed by a num- 
ber of different statutes and relate to the subjects of keep- 
ing the accounts of the State, drawing warrants for the 
payment of money out of the State treasury, bringing suit, 
when necessary, for money due the State, and preserv- 
ing books and records relating to the titles and surveys 
of lands which the State owns or has owned in the past. 
These records and surveys are in charge of a clerk 
familiar in a general way with their contents, who fur- 
nishes information regarding any matter connected with 
them, to whoever applies, tho the law does not require him 
to do so. This department is sometimes referred to as the 
" land off ice. " 

He is ex-officio a member of the State Board of Tax 
Commissioners, which holds its meetings in his office, and 
is charged with numerous duties with regard to corpora- 
tions, especially banking associations organized under the 
laws of Indiana. He audits all the accounts between this 
State and the United States, or between his State and 
another State, and between the State of Indiana and her 



102 

counties and other political divisions. He keeps a de- 
tailed account of all moneys received by the State and all 
expenditures, and this task is rendered more difficult by 
the fact that there are a number of different funds, each 
of which requires a separate account. Term two years. 

The Treasurer of State is elected at the same time, and 
is limited to two terms in succession, the same as the 
Secretary and Auditor, and his duties are all provided by 
statute. He is the custodian of the funds of the State, and 
must keep them securely and account for them as required 
by law. 

Auditor's Drafts and Warrants. Anyone wishing to 
pay money into the State treasury must furnish the Audi- 
tor a statement of the liability upon which he proposes to 
pay it, and the Auditor must examine the matter care- 
fully, and if he finds the amount a proper one to be re- 
ceived, he prepares a draft which authorizes the Treasurer 
to receive the same and directs to which fund it is to be 
credited. 

The Auditor's warrant is also necessary before the 
Treasurer is allowed to pay out any money. This arrange- 
ment enables the Auditor to keep an accurate account of 
all the receipts and expenditures of the State ; and the 
Treasurer is required to publish monthly and annually a 
report of the same matters, so that the Auditor of State 
and the people may know of frauds and mistakes, should 
any occur. 

The Attorney General. The office of Attorney Gen- 
eral is statutory, but it is one of the most important not 
provided for by the constitution. The duties are such as 
to require great knowledge of the law, and tho the people 
may elect whomever they choose, the Attorney General 
has always been a lawyer. He is chosen at the general 
election every two years and may be re-elected to any 
number of successive terms. 



103 

His duties are to prosecute and defend suits by or 
against the State, where no one else is charged with that 
duty, and to conduct all criminal cases while in the Su- 
preme or Appellate Court upon appeal, and to furnish a 
written opinion upon the validity or construction of a 
law when requested by a State officer or by the General 
Assembly. The Governor may request such an opinion 
of any question of law in which the State's interests are 
involved, any other officer may request it upon any point 
concerning the duties of his office, and either house may 
request an opinion as to the constitutionality or validity 
of any existing or proposed law. He is also required to 
ascertain what sums of money have come into the hands 
of State and County officers, or any other person, for un- 
claimed witness fees, docket fees, fines, forfeitures, estates 
to which there are no heirs, and from various other 
sources, and, if necessary, to institute suits and take all 
necessary legal steps to compel the payment of the same 
to the officer authorized to receive them. 

A report of all moneys collected by the Attorney Gen- 
eral must be made by him at the close of each fiscal year 
to the Auditor of State. He also makes a report to the 
Governor every two years, stating the business done and 
the condition of the affairs of his office. 

Bureau of Statistics. The Bureau of Statistics was not 
created until 1879. The officer at the head of this depart- 
ment is called its " Chief," and frequently the "State Stat- 
istician." He (or she) is elected every two years, and 
receives a salary of three thousand dollars a year. It is 
the duty of the Bureau to collect, and every year publish, 
statistical information on agriculture, manufacturing, 
mining, commerce, education, labor, social and sanitary 
conditions, vital statistics, marriages, deaths, and on the 
permanent prosperity of the industry of the State. This is 



104 

a very formidable duty, and in performing it, the Chief 
has the power to call on all county, township, city and 
town officers to aid him. There is scarcely any limit to 
the work he (or she) is required to perform. It was not 
expected that he would perform all these duties every 
year; and so one year is often devoted to one subject, and 
then the next year another subject is taken up. Several 
volumes of these statistics have been published, some of 
w^hich are of great value. The Chief has a deputy at $1,800 
a year ; and five thousand dollars is given every year with 
which to carry on the work of the Bureau. The Bureau is 
located in the State House on the first floor. The present 
" Chief " of this Bureau is Mr. Thomas Brolley. 



The world is my country; to do good is my religion. — Thomas 
Paine. 



Public Health and Safety. 

The State Board of Health was created by statute in 
1891, for the general purpose suggested by its name. 
There are five members of this board, all of whom are 
chosen for the term of four years. The Governor, Secre- 
tary and Auditor of State constitute a board of appoint- 
ment to appoint two members of the board of health each 
year with an odd number. The four appointed members 
elect the fifth, who must be a physician. He is secretary 
of the board and is known as the " State health officer." 

The duties of this Board are to care for the lives and 
health of the people, to collect statistical information re- 
lating to health, births, deaths, and the causes of diseases, 
especially those of an epidemic and communicable char- 
acter ; to regulate the plumbing, drainage and water sup- 
ply of public "buildings; to supervise the dumping of 



105 

polluting material into streams ; to make rules and regu- 
lations for quarantining infectious diseases, and to super- 
intend the local health boards of the cities and counties. 

The State Laboratory of Hygiene was added to the 
board of health by the Legislature of 1905. It is located 
in a room of the State House and presided over by a super- 
intendent and an assistant, appointed by the State board 
of health. The former is required to be skilled in bacteri- 
ology and pathology, and the latter in chemistry, and their 
tasks are to aid in the enforcement of the health and pure 
food and drug laws, and to conduct studies in hygiene 
and preventive medicine. 

Local Board of Health. Boards of County Commis- 
sioners, Town Trustees, and the Mayor and Common 
Council of cities are ex-officio boards of health within 
their respective jurisdictions, charged with the duty of 
protecting the public health, removing causes of disease, 
abating nuisances, taking prompt action to prevent the 
spread of contagious diseases, and performing such other 
duties as the State board of health may require of them. 
Every such board elects a physician, who is required to be 
a graduate of some reputable medical college, to act as 
health officer of the board, for the term of four years. 
All the duties of the board are equally incumbent upon 
him, and in addition thereto he is required to quarantine 
and isolate cases of smallpox, diphtheria, membraneous 
croup, scarlet fever, measles and other communicable dis- 
eases at the peril of a fine and even imprisonment. It 
also falls to his lot to enforce the rules and regulations of 
the State board of health, which, if made within the scope 
of the powers and duties of that body, have all the force 
of laws. 

Herein may be seen the upward, onward march of civili- 
zation. Twenty years ago a so-called man might (and 
without being disturbed) spit a puddle of tobacco juice or 



106 

other corruption upon the floors of public buildings, cars, 
or on sidewalks. It was thought to be nobody's business 
but his own. If it pleased only him, that was sufficient — 
twenty short years ago. Such an exhibition of selfishness 
would now land the offender in jail. In almost every car 
and public building may be seen this notice: 

$5.00 Fine. 

Spitting on the floor is absolutely prohibited. It is not 
only contrary to the law of the State, but is also an of- 
fense against common decency. Board of Health. 

In the month of January, 1908, in the city of Indianap- 
olis 67 men were fined $11.80 each for spitting. on side- 
walks or in street cars or in theaters. More than half 
these victims of the spitting habit were citizens of Indi- 
anapolis. The list included two lawyers, one physician, 
one deputy prosecutor, a number of clerks and laborers. 
About 20 were non-residents of the city. All the prosecu- 
tions were made by the health officers to enforce a city 
ordinance. 

Medicine, Surgery, and Drugs. In order to protect the 
people against persons who might attempt surgical opera- 
tions or prescribe or dispense drugs and medicines with- 
out having sufficient skill and knowledge to be entrusted 
therewith, the practice of these arts is limited to those 
who have passed certain required examinations and have 
been duly licensed. 

The State Board of Medical Eegistration and examina- 
tion is composed of six members, appointed by the Gov- 
ernor for terms of four years each, the terms of only two 
expiring the same year. No more than three members are 
permitted to be of the same political party, and no school 
or system of medicine can have a majority of the board, 



107 

tho all members are required to be reputable physicians 
who have graduated from medical colleges of good repute. 
The duties of this board are to aid in the enforcement 
of the law against the practice of medicine, surgery, or 
obstetrics without license, and to examine applicants and 

issue certificates to such as are qualified to practice. 

The certificate of the board is filed with the clerk of the 
county in which the applicant resides, and the clerk issues 
the license to practice. 

Dentist's License. No one is permitted to practice den- 
tistry without a license from the State board of dental 
examiners. This board consists of five practicing den- 
tists, appointed for two years' terms, one by the Gov- 
ernor, one by the State board of health, and three by the 
Indiana State Dental Association. 

The Indiana Board of Pharmacy, composed of five 
pharmacists, is charged with the duty of watching over 
the condition of pharmacy thruout the State, and of issu- 
ing certificates as registered pharmacists, or assistant 
pharmacists, to competent applicants, and it is unlawful 
for any person to conduct a store for the sale of poisonous 
drugs, or to sell at retail any such drug, or to compound 
for sale any physician's prescription, without a pharma- 
cist or assistant in charge. 

Nurses. A board of five experienced nurses is ap- 
pointed by the Governor to have charge of the examina- 
tion and registration of nurses. Licenses are issued to 
nurses found to be competent, and it is made a misde- 
meanor for any person to practice or advertise, or assume 
the title of "trained" or "graduated" nurse, without 
having a license from the board. The law does not inter- 
fere with those who nurse the sick, either gratuitously or 
for hire, so long as they avoid the pretensions mentioned. 

State Board of Embalmers. The proper embalming of 



108 

dead bodies being supposed to prevent the spread of 
infections diseases, the Governor is empowered to appoint 
a board of five practical embalmers to examine persons 
wishing to engage in the business, and license such as are 
found to possess the necessary qualifications. It is made 
a misdemeanor to practice, or hold one's self out as an em- 
balmer, without having the proper license, and the board 
is enjoined to prosecute all such offenders. 

Factory Inspection. For the purpose of enforcing the 
law relating to child labor, as well as to see that the safety 
of all persons working in factories is properly provided 
for, a department of inspection is created by statute. The 
chief inspector is appointed by the Governor, and by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term of 
four years. His duties are to inspect factories and like 
establishments, all over the State, and see that dangerous 
belts, shafts and other machinery are properly guarded, 
and due precaution taken for the safety of the employes ; 
to see that children and women are not employed contrary 
to law, and to inspect steam boilers and arrangements for 
fire protection and fire escapes. He is authorized to order 
such changes in the buildings and machinery of manufac- 
turing and mercantile plants as will make them safe and 
sanitary, and factory owners and others who disregard his 
orders are liable to a penalty. 

Inspection of Mines. The coal mines of Indiana, em- 
ploying thousands of persons, are dangerous to life and 
health unless operated with extreme care. Caving, nox- 
ious gases, flooding, fires, falling down shafts, the break- 
ing of hoisting machinery, and other grave perils are to 
be guarded against. The duties of the inspector of mines 
are to see that the numerous statutes relating to the op- 
eration of mines and the safety of the miners are complied 
with, and to issue certificates of competency to mine and 



109 

fire bosses and hoisting engineers. The person appointed 
to this office by the State geologist must be a practical 
miner of at least ten years' experience, and must pass an 
examination as to his qualifications. His term of office is 
two years, and he may appoint two assistants, who are 
also examined as to their knowledge of mining and other 
qualifications. 

The Natural Gas Supervisor is appointed by the State 
geologist for a term of four years and is subject to the 
directions of that officer, who may remove him for viola- 
tion or neglect of duty. He is charged with the enforce- 
ment of all the laws of the State relating to the produc- 
tion and transportation of natural gas, and the plugging 
of abandoned gas and oil wells. He is required to devote 
his entire time to these duties, and to inspect all natural 
gas pipe-lines in the State once a year, to see that they 
are safe and secure, and that gas is not carried under a 
heavier pressure than the law allows. 

Inspection of Oils. The inflammable and explosive 
character of many of the oils and oily substances manu- 
factured from petroleum has received legislative atten- 
tion. All such products must be inspected by the State 
Supervisor or Oil Inspector, or his assistants, before being 
offered for sale in Indiana, and only those which are 
found sufficiently safe and stable can be placed upon the 
market. The supervisor is appointed by the Governor for 
a term of four years. 

Government and Anarchy. 

So you see, my dear young citizens, we need rules and 
regulations to protect us from one another; not because 
we are savage, for we are not, but because we are selfish. 
Even if human beings were not selfish and each one loved 
his neighbor as himself we would still need government, 



110 

because there would be so many different standards of 
right and wrong. In this country, where one citizen is as 
good as another, the only way to ascertain what is really 
wanted is to submit a question or a candidate to a vote of 
the people and let the majority rule. Alt ho the men of 
good judgment might all vote for a certain measure, and 
the more ignorant and less reasonable majority might vote 
against it, yet the wise minority must bow to the will of 
the majority — to the triumph of ignorance. 

If an ignorant majority votes wrong they must suffer 
the consequences and so must all their fellow citizens. In 
this way we are responsible for the acts of one another. So 
it's somebody's business, isn't it, what somebody else 
does. This is why the community can not afford to have a 
young citizen grow up in ignorance. This is why we 
should inform ourselves on political questions and discuss 
them with our neighbors. In discussions of this kind you 
should carefully avoid using such argument as "old blue- 
nosed Democrat," or "you old Republican thief." Such 
remarks jar the nerves and divert the attention from the 
subject you are discussing. It is a slander on American 
intelligence to say that citizens can not safely talk to- 
gether on how our government ought to be run. Town- 
ship politics involve questions of roads and schools and 
other public improvements, and it is right for the people 
to talk of such things. 

After all, politics is only the science of running the gov- 
ernment, and you can't make a better definition. If you 
can, let's hear it. 

Did you ever think what a great advantage it is to 
have the law on your side ? To have the law on your side 
is to have the authorities and the people on your side. Did 
you ever see a surging crowd melt away before a single 
policeman, or a crowd of boisterous, brawling men grow 



Ill 

quiet when an officer appeared? But Policemen and 
Sheriffs are not the only officials who command respect. 
How quickly a Road Supervisor can settle a dispute be- 
tween farmers as to how the road ought to be worked, by 
giving an order how it shall be done. Because the police 
and the Supervisor, the Trustee, the Commissioners, and 
all other officials — each within his jurisdiction — have the 
law and the government on their side. Sometimes, how- 
ever, a mob of determined and infuriated men overpower 
the authorities and override the law. 

The anarchist doctrine is that we need no law, no gov- 
ernment, no taxes, nor officers, that every man should be 
entirely free, entirely independent of every other man. 
The anarchist says that public sentiment would compel 
every man to support schools, to work the roads (which is 
another way of paying taxes), to keep up public improve- 
ments, and to be in every way a good citizen. He con- 
tends that our natural respect for the rights of others is 
sufficient to secure justice to every individual, without 
the expense of government. If our rights can be secured 
without government then indeed we need no government. 
Thomas Jefferson said in the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, "To secure these rights — life, liberty, and the pur- 
suit of happiness — governments have been instituted 
among men." According to this doctrine governments 
exist for the benefit of the people and instead of for of- 
ficeholders — and not the people for the government. The 
anarchist says we can have these rights as well without 
government as with it. 

But we do not think so, do we? Anarchists are more 
numerous in Europe than in this country. It often cures 
a man of anarchy to come from a bad government of 
Europe to this country, where the people are freer. When 
a man willfully violates the laws of his country he has 



112 

given his consent to everybody else to do the same thing ; 
and if they did, it would break up our government. So 
the lawbreaker is to that extent an anarchist. Some men 
live as though they considered that laws were made to be 
enforced against every one but themselves, or against all 
who do not have wit enough to evade them. But laws are 
made to be enforced, and if you are a good citizen you 
will help enforce them. You may have to prosecute some- 
body to accomplish this; then anarchists' sympathizers 
will begin to prattle about how people ought to mind their 
own business and let other people's business alone. It is 
your business to aid your government. Of course some 
people make a great bluster about enforcing the laws be- 
cause they desire to be seen and talked about. Their mo- 
tive is selfish, but that is better than no enforcement at 
all. Whenever you think that somebody ought to begin 
prosecution to break up lawlessness in your community 
you are the somebody who ought to do it. Don't wait for 
somebody else to begin, nor to find out what other people 
will think, but act on your own judgment. People like to 
follow a man who has some judgment, and then acts upon 
it. The man who takes no side until he sees which has the 
majority and then joins that side doesn't amount to very 
much, and the people will not pay much attention to him. 
Socialism is just the opposite of anarchy. Socialism 
would have the government own and operate all railroads, 
mines, stores, farms and butcher shops — in fact, all busi- 
ness in the interest of the people. They hold that trusts 
are right and useful, but that the people — all the people, 
the government — should own them. 



113 

Indiana and the World. 



"While Indiana is a great and fertile and wealthy State, 
it is but a small neighborhood of North America, and a 
mere speck on the surface of the globe, which in turn is 
but a grain of sand in the universe. This is food for 
thought. Man can think, and the earth can not. An in- 
dividual citizen or student can form some estimate of his 
own importance in the world by a study of the following 
tables carefully compiled from the New York World Year 
Book for 1911 : 

A rotating globe like the above will be sent to any ad- 
dress for 50 cents by the publishers of this book. It is 
about eight inches in diameter and is covered with a beau- 
tiful and perfect map of the world. 



114 

Every household in the land should keep a globe on a 
center table in the room and make it the object of daily- 
study and contemplation. Every child should have the 
privilege of looking upon a miniature globe daily, and of 
hearing it said: "My child, the beautiful world on which 
you dwell is a round globe just like this. Two men left 
St. Louis the same day, April 10, 1911, starting around 
the world. One went west, crossing the Pacific Ocean; 
the other east, crossing the Atlantic. They met in China, 
and both reached St. Louis the same week, but not the 
same day, two months later. 

The world is a star which really floats thru space. 
whatever the date of reading this, the earth is passing 
the same point in space that it was passing just a year ago, 
in its great cycle around the sun. "We have a grand free 
ride of over 600,000,000 miles since a year ago, for we 
have kept up with the earth. 

The sun is 94,000,000 miles distant from the earth, and 
is 1,250,000 times as large. In the universe there are a 
hundred thousand million worlds as large as ours, all 
swimming thru space, and never colliding. The stars are 
in the sky in daytime the same as in the night ; but 
are dimmed by the sunlight. 




115 



Area and Population of the Continents. 

Area in Sq. Miles Population 

Asia 17,057,000 850,000,000 

Africa 11,514,000 127,000,000 

North America 8,037,714 115,000,000 

South America 6,851,300 45,000,000 

Europe 3,754,282 381,000,000 

Australia 3,456,000 5,200,000 

Polar regions 4,970,000 370,000 

Grand totals 55,640,296 1,523,570,000 

Vastness of the Seas. 

Pacific Ocean, area 50,309,000 square miles ; greatest 
depth measured, six miles. 

Atlantic Ocean, area 24,536,000 square miles ; greatest 
depth measured one and seven-eighths miles. 

Indian Ocean, area 17,000,000 square miles ; greatest 
depth measured, three miles. 

Arctic Ocean, area 4,781,000 square miles ; greatest 
depth measured, two miles. 

Antarctic Ocean, area 30,592,000 square miles ; greatest 
depth measured, four miles. 

Total of sea and land area, 196,971,984 square miles. 

Cubic contents of our globe, 259,944,035,515 cubic miles. 
ORDINANCE OF 1787. 

July 13, 1787, the Congress passed the famous Ordinance of 1787, 
while the Constitutional Convention was in session in the same city 
— Philadelphia. The "Ordinance" established the government of the 
Northwest Territory — embracing the present States of Wisconsin, 
Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Portions are here quoted: 

Article 3. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to 
good government and happiness of mankind, schools and education 
shall be forever encouraged 

Article 5. There shall be formed in the said Territory not less 
than three nor more than five States 

Article 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servi- 
tude in the said Territory otherwise than in the punishment of 
crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. 



116 
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF INDIANA. 

Adopted 1851. 

(The Constitution of Indiana is much longer than the Federal Con- 
stitution, being much more detailed. The most important sections 
are here quoted, each section numbered as in the original document.) 

PREAMBLE. 

To the end that justice be established, public order maintained, and 
liberty perpetuated, we, the people of the State of Indiana, grate- 
ful to Almighty God for the free exercise of the right to choose 
our own form of government, do ordain this Constitution. 

Article 1— BUI of Rights 

1. We declare that all men are created equal; that they are 
endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among 
these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that all power 
is inherent in the people; and that all free governments are, and 
of right ought to be, founded on their authority, and instituted for 
their peace, safety and well being. For the advancement of these 
ends, the people have at all times, an indefeasible right to alter 
and reform their government. 

2. All men shall be secured in their natural right to worship 
Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences. 

3. No law shall, in any case whatever, control the free exercise 
and enjoyment of religious opinions or interfere with the rights of 
conscience. 

4. Church attendance not compulsory. ISTo preference shall be 
given, by law. to any creed, religious society, or mode of worship; 
and no man shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place 
of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent. 

5. No religious test shall be required as qualification for any 
office of trust or profit. 

6. No money for religious institutions. No money shall be drawn 
from the treasury for the benefit of any religious or theological in- 
stitution. 

18. Reformation the basis of Penal Code. The Penal Code shall 
be founded on the principles of reformation and not of vindictive 
justice. 

21. Compensation for service. No man's particular services shall 
be demanded without just compensation. No man's property shall 



.117 

be taken by law without just compensation ; nor, except in case of the 
State, without such compensation first assessed and tendered. 

22. Exemption — No imprisonment for debt. The privilege except 
in case of the State, without such compensation first of the debtor 
to enjoy the necessary comforts of life shall be recognized by whole- 
some laws, exempting a reasonable amount of property from seizure 
or sale for the payment of any debt or liability hereafter contracted; 
and there shall be no imprisonment for debt, except in case of fraud. 

37. Slavery prohibited. There shall be neither slavery nor in- 
voluntary servitude within the State, otherwise than for the punish- 
ment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. 
No indenture of any negro or mulatto, made and executed out of 
the bounds of the State, shall be valid within the State. 



Article 2 — Suffrage and Elections. 

38. Elections free. All elections shall be free and equal. 

39. Qualification of Electors. In all elections not otherwise pro- 
vided for by the Constitution, every male citizen of the United States, 
of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have resided 
in the State during the six months, and in the township sixty days, 
and in the ward or precinct thirty days, immediately preceding such 
election, and every male of foreign birth, of the age of twenty-one 
years and upwards, who shall have resided in the United States one 
year, and shall have resided in the State during the six months, and 
in the township sixty days, and in the ward or precinct thirty days, 
immediately preceding such election, and shall have declared his in- 
tention to become a citizen of the United States, conformably to 
the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization, shall 
be entitled to vote in the township or precinct where he may reside, 
if he shall have been duly registered according to law. (As amended 
March 14, 1881.) 

43. Challenge to duel. Every person who shall give or accept a 
challenge to fight a duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another 
person such challenge, or who shall agree to go out of the State to 
fight a duel, shall be ineligible to any office of trust or profit. 

Article 3 — Distribution of Powers. 

51. Three Departments. The powers of the Government are di- 
vided into three separate departments: The Legislative, the Execu- 
tive, including the Administrative, and the Judicial, and no person 
charged with official duties under one of these departments shall 
exercise any of the functions of another, except as in this Constitu- 
tion expressly provided. 



118 
Article 4 — Legislative. 



~v2. The General Assembly. The Legislative authority of the State 
shall be vested in the General Assembly, which shall consist of a 
Senate and a House of Representatives. The style of every law shall 
be: "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of In- 
diana;" and no law shall be enacted except by bill. 

53. Number. The Senate shall not exceed fifty nor the House 
of Representatives one hundred members; and they shall be chosen 
by the electors of the respective counties or districts into which the 
State may, from time to time, be divided. 

68. Bills. Bills may originate in either House, but may be 
amended or rejected in the other, except that bills for raising revenue 
shall originate in the House of Representative.^. 

69. Reading and vote. Every bill shall be read by sections, on 
three several days, in each House; unless, in case of emergency, two- 
thirds of the House where such bill may be pending, shall, by a vote 
of yeas and nays, deem it expedient to dispense with this rule; but 
the reading of a bill by section, on its final passage, shall, in no 
case, be dispensed with; and the vote on the passage of every bill 
or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas and nays. 

70. Subject matter and title. Every act shall embrace but one 
subject and matters properly connected therewith; which subject 
shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced 
in an Act which shall not be expressed in the title, such Act shall 
be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the 
title. 

72. Acts, how amended. No Acts shall ever be revised or amended 
by mere reference to its title; but the Act revised or section amended 
shall be set forth and published at full length. 

74. Laws must be general. In all cases enumerated in the pre- 
ceding section, and in all other cases where a general law can be made 
applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform operation 
throughout the State. 

76 Passage of bills. A majority of all the members elected to 
each House shall be necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution; 
and all bills and joint resolutions so passed shall be signed by the 
presiding officers of the respective Hor.:-; 



Article 5 — Executive. 

82. Governor. The executive powers of the State shall be vested 
in a Governor. He shall hold his office during four years, and shall 
not be eligible more than four years in any period of eight years. 



119 

83. Lieutenant-Governor. There shall be a Lieutenant-Governor, 
v ho shall hold his office during four years. 

93. Governor, Commander-in-Chief. The Governor shall be Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the military and naval forces, and may call out 
such forces to execute the laws, or to suppress insurrection, or to 
repel invasion. 

94. Messages. He shall, from time to time, give to the General 
Assembly information touching the condition of the State, and recom- 
mend such measures as he shall judge to be expedient. 

79. Execution of laws. He shall take care that the laws be faith- 
fully executed. 

Article 6— Administrative. 

106. Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer of State. There shall be 
elected, by the voters of the State, a Secretary, an Auditor, and a 
Treasurer of State, who shall severally hold their offices for two 
years. They shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by law. 
But shall not be eligible to hold said offices more than four years in 
any period of six years. 

107. Terms of County Officers. There shall be elected in each 
county, or by the voters thereof, at the time of holding general elec- 
tions, a Clerk of the Circuit Court, Auditor, Recorder, Treasurer, 
Sheriff, Coroner and Surveyor. The Clerk, Auditor and Recorder 
shall continue in office four years; and no person shall be eligible to 
the office of Clerk, Recorder or Auditor more than eight years in any 
period of twelve years. The Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner and Sur- 
veyor shall continue in office two years; and no person shall be 
eligible to the office of Treasurer or Sheriff more than four years 
in any period of six years. 

108. County and Township Officers. Such other county and town- 
ship officers as may be necessary, shall be elected or appointed in 
such manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Article 7 — Judicial. 

116. Judicial Powers. The judicial powers of the State shall 
be vested in a Supreme Court, the Circuit Courts, and in such other 
courts as the General Assembly may establish. (As amended March 
14, 1881.) 

117. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall consist of not 
less than three, nor more than five judges, a majority of whom shall 
form a quorum. They shall hold their offices for six years, if they 
so long behave well. 

118. Judicial Districts. The State shall be divided into as many 



120 

districts as there are Judges of the Supreme Court; and such dis- 
tricts shall be formed of contiguous territory, as nearly equal in pop- 
ulation as, without dividing a county, the same can be made. One 
of said judges shall be elected from each district, and reside therein; 
but said judges shall be elected by the electors of the State at large. 

124. Circuit Judges. The State shall from time to time be di- 
vided into judicial circuits; and a judge for each circuit shall be 
elected by the voters thereof. He shall reside within the circuit, and 
shall hold his office for the term of six years, if he so long behave 
well. 

126 Prosecuting Attorneys. There shall be elected in each judicial 
circuit, by the voters thereof, a prosecuting attorney, who shall hold 
his office for two years. 

129. Justices of the Peace. A competent number of justices of the 
peace shall be elected by the voters in each towmship in the several 
counties. They shall continue in office four years, and their powers 
and duties shall be prescribed by laAv. 

132. Grand Jury System. The General Assembly may modify 
or abolish the grand jury system. 

Article 8 — Education. 

137. Common Schools. Knowledge and learning, generally dif- 
fused throughout a community being essential to the preservation 
of a free government, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly 
to encourage by all suitable means, moral, intellectual, scientific and 
agricultural improvement, and to provide, by law, for a general and 
uniform system of common schools, wherein tuition shall be without 
charge, and equally open to all. 

Article 12— Militia. 

169. Organization. The militia shall consist of all able-bodied 
white male persons, between the ages of eighteen and forty- five 
years, except such as may be exempted by the laws of the United 
States or of this State; and shall be organized, officered, armed, 
equipped and trained in such a manner as may be provided by law. 

Article 13 — Municipal Debt. 

175. Limited — Excess void. No political or municipal corpora- 
tion in this State shall ever become indebted, in any manner or for 
any purpose, to an amount in the aggregate exceeding two per 
centum on the value of the taxable property within such corporation, 



121 

to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes 
previous to the incurring such indebtedness; and all bonds or obliga- 
tions in excess of such amount, given by such corporation, shall be 
void. 

Article 14 — Boundaries. 



177. Jurisdictions. The State of Indiana shall possess jurisdic- 
tion and sovereignty co-extensive with the boundaries declared in the 
preceding section, and shall have concurrent jurisdiction, in civil and 
criminal cases, with the State of Kentucky on the Ohio river and 
with the State of Illinois on the Wabash river, so far as said rivers 
form the common boundary between this State and the said States, 
respectively. 

Article 16 — Amendments. 

188. How Made. Any amendment or amendments to this -Con- 
stitution may be proposed in either branch of the General Assembly, 
and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members 
elected to each of the two Houses, such proposed amendment or 
amendments shall, with the yeas and nays thereon, be entered on 
their journals, and referred to the General Assembly to be chosen 
at the next general election; and if in the General Assembly so chosen 
such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by a 
majority of all the members elected to each House, then it shall be 
the duty of the General Assembly to submit such amendment or 
amendments to the electors of the State; and if a majority of said 
electors shall ratify the same, such amendment or amendments shall 
become a part of this Constitution. 

QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 

1. Must we obey laws which are unconstitutional? Bring up 
some instances of such laws. 

2. Enumerate your individual privileges guaranteed by Article 1. 

3. Who may vote in Indiana ? Who may hold office ? 

4. Compare the veto power of the Governor of Indiana with the 
veto power of the President. 

5. What offices were created by the Constitution ? By the Legis- 
lature ? The Legislature can abolish any office which it created. 

6. What is the State's purpose in sending criminals to prison? 
What is the common idea ? 



THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER. 



Francis Scott Key. 
* is 



1. Oh, say can you see by the dawn's ear-ly light, 

2. On the shore dim-ly seen, thro' the mists of the deep, 

3. And where is that band who so vaunt-ing-ly swore, 

4. Oh, thus be it e'er when free-men shall stand, 




What so proud-ly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming, 
Where the foe's haughty host in dread si-lence re - po - ses, 
That the hav - oc of war and the bat-tie's con - fu - sion 
Be - tween their lov'd home and wild war's des - o - la-tion, 



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Whose broad stripes and bright stars thro' the per- il - ous fight 
What is that which the breeze o'er the tow - er - ing steep, 
A home and a coun - try should leave us no more? 
Blest with vic-t'ry and peace, may the heav'ns res-cued land 

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O'er the ram-parts we watch'd were so gal-lant-ly stream-ing? 
As it fit - ful - ly blows, half con-ceals, half dis-clos-es? 
Their blood has wash'd out their foul foot-steps pol-lu-tion, 
Praise the pow'r that hath made andpre-serv'dus a na - tion ! 



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And the rock-et's red glare, the bombs burst-ing in air, 
Now it catch-es the gleam of the morn-ing's tirst beam, 
No ref - uge could save the hire - ling and slave 
Then con-quer we must, when our cause it is just 



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Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there. 
In full glo - ry re - fleet - ed, now shines in the stream. 
From the ter - ror of flight or the gloom of the grave. 
And this be our mot - to, ''In God is our trust!" 



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Oh say, does that star spangled ban-ner yet wave, 

'Tis the star spangled ban-ner oh long may it wave, 

And the star spangled ban-ner in tri-umph shall wave, 

And the star spangled ban-ner in tri-umph shall wave, 

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124 

STAR-SPANGLED BANNER— TO BE SUNG ON 
PATRIOTIC OCCASIONS. 

(Acts 1909, p. 356. H. B. 355. Approved March 8, 1909.) 

Whereas, The immortal ballad of Francis Scott Key, "The Star- 
Spangled Banner," has been and is recognized by the War Depart- 
ment, the Congress and the President of the United States as the 
National anthem; and 
Whereas, With a view to nurturing a proper spirit of patriotism 
among the rising generation, it is desirable that the school children" 
have an intimate knowledge of the said National anthem, and due 
respect for the same; and 
Whereas, The said National anthem has been changed and in many 
cases entirely removed from the schools and from the school books 
now used by the children of the State of Indiana ; therefore, 
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of 
Indiana, that the State Board of Education shall require the singing 
of "The Star Spangled Banner" in its entirety in the schools of the 
State of Indiana upon all patriotic occasions, and that the said Board 
of Education shall arrange to supply the words and music in suf- 
ficient quantity for the purpose indicated therein. 

It is in keeping with the spirit of this book to help make possible 
the fulfillment of the laws and regulations herein presented. Ac- 
cordingly, therefore, "The Star Spangled Banner" in its original en- 
tirety of four stanzas is given. 

The Star Spangled Banner. 

The stanzas of this poem were written under most re- 
markable circumstances. The writer, Francis Scott Key, 
was born in Maryland in 1779. He was a lawyer, being 
District Attorney of Washington, D. C, at the time the 
poem was written — September 14, 1814. He wrote a large 
number of short poems, but "The Defense of Fort Mc- 
Henry," afterward called "The Star-Spangled Banner," 
is the only one which is widely known. 

In the war of 1812 (September, 1814) the British fleet 
lay in Chesapeake Bay, preparing to open fire on Fort 
McHenry at Baltimore, which fort was occupied by a 
small American garrison to protect the city. A British 
land force was to attack the fort at the same time. On 



125 

board the British fleet was an American citizen, Dr. 
Beanes, who, by some misunderstanding, had been seized 
at the shore by British soldiers and, contrary to the rules 
of war, held a prisoner. On the 13th Mr. Key went out 
from Baltimore in a small boat, under a flag of truce, to 
ask the release of Dr. Beanes. Key was himself detained 
along with his friend, and his small boat was fastened to 
the commander's vessel, on the side toward the shore. 
There, through a day and a night, exposed to the fire from 
his friends' artillery, aimed of course at the enemy, he 
watched the flag which the British Admiral, Lord Cock- 
burn, had boasted would "yield in a few hours." 

As the morning of the 14th broke, Mr. Key, who had 
not slept and who had been continually shot at by his 
friends, could see "by the dawn's early light" that the 
flag was still proudly waving in its old familiar place. 
The assault by the fleet had failed, and the garrison had 
repulsed the British land forces. Then, as was his fashion, 
Key must give vent to his ecstatic delight by writing some- 
thing; snatching an old letter from his pocket and, lay- 
ing it on a barrel head, he dashed off the spirited song- 
poem which he entitled "The Defense of Fort McHenry." 
In less than a year it became known as "The Star-Span- 
gled Banner, ' ' and is now our national anthem. 

No other nation possesses so noble an apostrophe. 

The flag which "was still there" is now in possession 
of the Massachusetts Historical Society. This flag is thir- 
ty-two feet long and twenty-nine feet wide. It contains 
fifteen stripes and fifteen stars. All flags now contain 
thirteen stripes and a star for each State. 

Francis Scott Key died in 1843, and was buried at Fred- 
erick, Md. For a year the only monument upon his grave 
was a flag. Even now every day in the year a large flag 
floats over his burial place, and is reverently replaced 
by a new "Star-Spangled Banner" each Memorial Day. 



126 

Indiana's Governors. 

(Territorial; appointed by President.) 
Arthur St. Clair, Governor Northwest Territory 1787-1800 

William Henrv Harrison 1800-1811 

John Gibson 1811-1813 

Thomas Posey 1813-1816 

State. 

Jonathan Jennings, Democrat 1816-1822 

William Hendricks, Democrat 1822-1825 

James B. Ray, Democrat 1825-1831 

Noah Noble, Democrat 1831-1837 

David Wallace, Whig 1837-1840 

Samuel Bigger, Whig 1840-1843 

James Whitcomb, Democrat 1843-1849 

Joseph A. Wright, Democrat 1849-1857 

Ashbel P. Willard, Democrat .1857-1861 

Henry S. Lane, Republican 1861 — 2 days 

Oliver P. Morton, Republican 1861-1867 

Conrad Baker, Republican 1867-1873 

Thomas A. Hendricks, Democrat 1873-1877 

James D. Williams, Democrat 1877-1881 

Albert G. Porter, Republican 1881-1885 

Isaac P. Gray, Democrat 1885-1889 

Alvin P. Hovey, Republican 1889-1893 

Claude Matthews, Democrat 1893-1897 

James A. Mount, Republican 1897-1901 

Winfield T. Durbin, Republican 1901-1905 

J. Frank Hanly, Republican 1905-1909 

Thomas R. Marshall, Democrat 1909-1913 

Samuel R. Ralston, Democrat 1913- 

What Some Men Receive for Serving Their Country. 

President, Salary $75,000 

Traveling Expenses 25,000 

Household, and other expenses (in 1907) .... 113,000 

Vice President 12,000 



127 

Cabinet Officers, each 12,000 

United States Senators • . 7,500 

Representatives in Congress 7,500 

Speaker 12,000 

Chief Justice of IT. S 13,000 

Justices 12,500 

Governor of Indiana 8,000 

Secretary 3,600 

. Governor of New York . 10,000 

Governor of Illinois 6,000 

Indiana Legislators 360 

Illinois Legislators 1,000 

Indiana Salaries. 

Adjutant General $2,250 

Clerk 1,200 

Stenographer . 720 

Attorney General 7,500 

Assistant Attorney General 3,600 

First Deputy 2,600 

Second Deputy 2,100 

Traveling Deputy 1,600 

Auditor of State 7,500 

Deputy 3,500 

Insurance Deputy 3,000 

Insurance Actuary 4,000 

Bank Clerk 2,500 

Land Clerk 1,800 

Settlement Clerk 2,200 

Board of Health, Secretary 3,000 

Chief Clerk 1,500 

Members, for each meeting 10 

Expenses 20,000 

Commissioner Fisheries and Game 1,200 

Traveling Expenses 800 

Clerk, Bureau of Printing 2,500 

Factory Inspector 1,800 



128 

Chief Deputy 1,500 

Other Deputies 1,000 

State Examiner, Board of Accounts 4,000 

Chief Deputies (2) each 3,000 

Traveling Deputies 8 per day 

Gas Inspector 1,800 

Assistant 1,000 

Expenses 700 

Geologist 3,000 

Clerk 900 

Custodian of Museum 720 

Expenses 3,800 

Governor 8,000 

Private Secretary 2,500 

Legal Clerk 3,600 

Messenger 1,000 

Judge Appellate Court 6,000 

Judge Circuit Court 3,500 

Judge of Superior Court 3,500 

Judge of Supreme Court 6,000 

Judge of Criminal Court 3,500 

Mine Inspector 1,800 

Assistant 1,200 

Clerk and Stenographer 600 

Expenses 1,500 

Oil Inspector 3,500 

Expenses 1,900 

Public Service Commission (5), each 6,000 

Secretary 3,600 

Clerk 3,000 

Representatives, while in session, per day 6 

Reporter of Supreme Court 5,000 

First Assistant 2,400 

Second Assistant 2,000 

Tax Commissioners 3,000 

Secretary of State 6,500 

Deputy 2,400 

Clerk 1,800 



129 

Senators, while in session, per day 6 

Statistician 3,000 

Deputy 1,800 

Stenographer 720 

Superintendent Laboratory of Hygiene 2,000 

Assistant 2,000 

Superintendent Public Instruction 5,000 

Assistant 2,400 

Deputy 1,800 

Clerk 1,400 

Treasurer of State 7,500 

Deputv 2,500 

Clerk 2,000 




Seal of the State of Indiana. 



130 
In Conclusion. 

In conclusion, dear young citizen, you live in a great 
and grand country. It is partly yours. Men who have 
traveled in all the different countries of the world tell us 
that no other will compare with ours. In Egypt they can 
point to their pyramids and tell us of the power of their 
kings 3,000 years ago. But the people today stand idly 
upon the streets and beg from American travelers. The 
reason that Egyptians have to beg while the Americans 
have something to give them, is that Americans are indus- 
trious while Egyptians are lazy. To be a good American 
citizen is to be industrious. This usually also means to be 
intelligent, and in nine cases out of ten, honest. 

You also live in a great State. "While many of Indi- 
ana's citizens have won fame and fortune, what is a great 
deal more important, the masses of the common people are 
prosperous, intelligent, industrious and progressive. If 
you would be a citizen worthy of your country and your 
State you will, in addition to being industrious and hon- 
est, acquire a fair education in the peaceful arts, cultivate 
the habit of personal politeness, and keep yourself un- 
spotted from the world. If you do you will be such a citi- 
zen that the neighborhood in which you live will be proud 
of you, and you can do it. 

We have spent many days together. The writer hopes 
you have enjoyed the reading of these pages as much as 
he has enjoyed writing them. He hopes some day to have 
the opportunity to vote for you for Governor or State 
Superintendent; or, if you are not eligible to the office, 
he hopes you may be the Governor's wife or the Mrs. State 
Superintendent — if you want to be. The writer even 
wishes you a greater success. He hopes you may be a 
successful farmer or farmer's wife. 



131 



Area and Population of Indiana by Counties. 



Total area of Indiana (including 440 sq. miles of 

water) 36,350 

Total population (1900) 2,516,460 

Total for 1910. 2,700,878 



Counties 



Area in 
sq. mi. 



Pop. 



Adams 335 21,840 

Allen 660 93,386 

Bartholomew 400 24,813 

Benton 410 12,688 

Blackford 167 15,820 

Boone 427 24,673 

Brown 317 7,800 

Carroll 370 17.970 

Cass 420 36,368 

Clark 375 32,200 

Clay 357 32,535 

Clinton 402 . 26,674 

Crawford 304 , 12,057 

Daviess 430 27,747 

Dearborn 309 21,396 

Decatur 384 18,800 

Dekalb 369 25,054 

Delaware 395 51,4M 

Dubois 425 19,843 

Elkhart 465 49,008 

Fayette 215 14,415 

Floyd 150 30,293 

Fountain 383 20,439 

Franklin 394 15.335 

Fulton 382 16,879 

Gibson 490 30,137 

Grant 416 51,426 

Green 482 30,873 

Hamilton 402 27,026 

Hancock 290 19,030 

Harrison 470 20,232 

Hendricks 408 20,840 

Henry 395 20,875 

Howard 295 33,177 

Huntington 385 28,982 

Jackson 520 24,727 

Jasper 565 13.044 

Jay 370 24,961 

Jefferson 362 20,483 

Jennings 380 14,203 

Johnson 312 20,394 

Knox 510 39,183 

Kosciusko 521 27,936 

Lagrange 393 15,148 

Lake 465 82,864 

LaPorte 563 45.797 

Lawrence 460 30,625 

Madison 460 65,224 

Marion 400 263,661 



County Seats. 



Pop. 



Decatur 

Ft. Wayne . . 
Columbus .... 

Fowler 

Hartford City 
Lebanon . ... . 
Nashville 

Delphi 

Logansport 



4 
63 



2 

19; 

Jeffersonville 10, 

Brazil 9 

Frankfort 8 

English 

Washington 7, 

Lawrenceburg 3, 

Greensburg 5, 

Auburn 3, 

M'uncie 24, 

Jasper . . 2 

Goshen 8 

Connersville 7 

New Albany 20, 

Covington 2, 

Brookville 2, 

Rochester 3 : 

Princeton 6 

Marion 19 

2 

5 

4; 

1 

1 



Bloomfield 
Noblesville . . 
Greenfield . . 
Corydon 
Danville 
New Castle . 
Kokomo 
Huntington . 
Brownstown 
Rensselaer . . 
Portland 
Madison 

Vernon 

Franklin 
Vincennes . . 
Warsaw 
Lagrange . . . 
Crown Point 
LaPexrte 
Bedford 
Anderson 



17, 

10; 

i; 

2, 

5; 

6, 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 4, 

14 

4 

1 

2 

10 

8 

22 

Indianapolis 233 



471 
933 
813 
491 
187 
474 
521 
161 
050 
412 
340 
634 
583 
854 
936 
420 
919 
005 
196 
514 
738 
629 
069 
169 
364 
448 
359 
069 
073 
448 
703 
640 
446 
010 
272 
492 
393 
130 
934 
553 
502 
895 
430 
772 
526 
,525 
,716 
476 
,65Q 



132 



Counties. Area Pop. 

Marshall 440 24,175 

Martin 340 12,950 

Miami o75 29,350 

Monroe 414 23,426 

Montgomery 508 29,286 

Morgan 415 21,182 

Newton 380 10,504 

Noble 417 24,009 

Ohio 87 4,329 

Orange 400 17,152 

Owen 380 14,053 

Parke 458 22,214 

Perry 383 18,073 

Pike 336 19,684 

Porter 418 20,540 

Posey 410 21,670 

Pulaski 437 13.312 

Putnam 482 20,520 

Randolph 450 29,013 

Ripley 447 19,452 

Rush 406 19,349 

Scott 190 8,323 

Shelby 408 26,802 

Spencer 406 20,67G 

St. Joseph 560 84,312 

Starke 314 10,567 

Steuben 311 14,274 

Sullivan 440 32,409 

Switzerland 225 9,914 

Tippecanoe 488 40.063 

Tipton 260 17,459 

Union 162 6,260 

Vanderburg 236 77,438 

Vermilion 255 18,865 

Vigo 402 87,930 

Wabash 418 26,926 

Warren 366 10,900 

Warrick 397 21,911 

Washington 523 17,445 

Wayne 409 43,757 

Wells 367 22,418 

White 500 17,602 

Whitley 336 16,892 



County Seat. Pop. 

Plymouth 3,838 

Shoals 1,051 

Peru 11,000 

Bloomington 8,838 

Crawfordsville 9,371 

Martinsville 4,529 

Kentland 1,209 

Albion 1,213 

Rising Sun 1,515 

Paoli 1,278 

Spencer 2,150 

Rockville 1,943 

Cannelton 2,130 

Petersburg 2,170 

Valparaiso 6,987 

Mt. Vernon 5,563 

Winamac 1,607 

Greencastle 3,790 

Winchester 4,266 

Versailles 500 

Rushville 4.925 

Scottsburg 1,669 

Shelbyville 9,500 

Rockport 2,736 

South Bend 53,684 

Knox 1,644 

Angola 2,610 

Sullivan 4,115 

Vevay 1,256 

Lafayette 20,08 L 

Tipton 4,075 

Liberty 1,338 

Evansville 69,647 

Newport 732 

Terre Haute 58,157 

Wabash 8,687 

Williamsport 1,243 

Booneville 3,934 

Salem 2,283 

Richmond 22,324 

Bluffton 5,002 

M'onticello 2,168 

Columbia City 3,448 



Population of all incorporated places in Indiana, ac- 
cording to published official census of 1910. 



Advance, Boone county. . 

Aetna, Lake 

Alamo, Montgomery .... 

Albany, Delaware 

Albion, Noble 

Alexandria, Madison .... 

Alton, Crawford 

Altona, Dekalb 

Ambia, Benton 

Amboy, Miami 

Anderson, Madison 

Andrews, Huntington . . . 



416 


Angola, Steuben 


2,610 


161 


Arcadia, Hamilton 


990 


209 


Argos, Marshall 


1,083 


1,289 


Ashley, Steuben 


639 


1,213 


Atlanta, Hamilton 


876 


5,096 


Attica, Fountain 


3,335 


161 


Auburn, Dekalb 


3,919 


349 


Aurora, Dearborn 


4,410 


359 


Avilla, Noble 


579 


521 


Bainbridge, Putnam .... 


449 


22,476 


Batesville, Ripley 


2,1 5^. 


957 


Battle Ground, Tippecanoe 


443 



133 



Bedford, Lawrence 8,716 

Beech Grove, Marion .... 568 

Bern, Adams 1,316 

Bicknell, Knox 2,79 4 

Birdseye, Dubois 439 

Bloomfield, Greene 2,069 

Bloomingdale, Parke 528 

Blooming-ton, Monroe .... 8,848 

Bluffton, Wells 4,987 

Boonville, Warrick 3,934 

Boston, Wayne 122 

Boswell, Benton 814 

Bourbon, Marshall 1,163 

Bowling Green, Clay 336 

Brazil, Clay 9,340 

Bremen, Marshall 2,008 

Briant, Jay 469 

Bristol, Elkhart 535 

Broad Ripple, Marion .... 770 

Bronson, Randolph 300 

Brook, Newton 1,067 

Brooklyn, Morgan 572 

Brooksburg, Jefferson . . . 150 

Brookston, White 907 

Brookville, Franklin 2,169 

Brownsburg, Hendricks . . 876 

Brownstown, Jackson .... 1,492 

Bunker Hill, Miami 668 

Burnettsville, White 489 

Butler, Dekalb 1,818 

Cadiz, Henry 209 

Cambridge City, Wayne . . 2,237 

Camden, Carroll 557 

Campbellsburg, Washing'n 666 

Cannelburg, Daviess 300 

Cannelton, Perry 2,130 

Carbon, Clay 493 

Carlisle, Sullivan 850 

Carmel, Hamilton 626 

Carthage, Rush 873 

Castleton, Marion 194 

Cayuga, Vermilion 911 

Centerpoint, Clay 414 

Centerville, Wayne 1,019 

Chalmers, White 513 

Charlestown, Clark 864 

Chesterfield, Madison 285 

Chesterton, Porter 1,400 

Christney, Spencer 524 

Churubusco, Whitley .... 870 

Cicero, Hamilton 990 

Clarkshill, Tippecanoe . . . 463 

Clarksville, Clark 2,743 

Clay City, Clay 1,213 

Claypool, Kosciusko 408 

Claysburg, Clark 380 

Clayton, Hendricks 497 

Clermont, Marion 205 

Clifford, Bartholomew ... 210 

Clinton, Vermilion 6,229 

Cloverdale, Putnam 624 

Coatesville, Hendricks . . . 472 

Colfax, Clinton 801 



College Park, Huntington. 103 

Columbia, Whitley 3,448 

Columbus, Bartholomew.. 8,813 

Connersville, Fayette .... 7,738 

Converse, Miami . 1,164 

Corunna, Dekalb 318 

Corydon, Harrison 1,703 

Covington, Fountain 2,069 

Crandall, Harrison 133 

Crawfordsville, Montg'ry. 9,371 

Cromwell, Noble 520 

Crothersville, Jackson . . . 1,038 

Crown Point, Lake 2,526 

Culver, Marshall ........ 810 

Cynthiana, Posey 619 

Dale, Spencer 583 

Dana, Vermilion 748 

Danville, Hendricks 1,640 

Darlington, Montgomery. . 780 

Decatur, Adams 4,471 

Delphi, Carroll 2,161 

Diamond, Parke 1,070 

Dillsboro, Dearborn 425 

Dublin, Wayne 704 

Dugger, Sullivan 1,226 

Dunkirk, Blackf'd and Jay 3,031 

Dunreith, Henry 181 

Earl Park, Benton 609 

East Chicago, Lake 19,093 

East Connersville, Fayette 706 

East Gary, Lake 484 

East Germantown, Wayne 302 

Eaton, Delaware 1,428 

Edinburg, Johnson 2,040 

Elberfield, Warrick 438 

Elizabeth, Harrison 238 

Elizabethtown, Barth'mew 350 

Elkhart, Elkhart 19,282 

Ellettsville, Monroe 67G 

Elnora, Daviess 961 

Elwood, Madison 11,028 

English, Crawford 583 

Etna Green, Kosciusko . . . 431 

Evansville, Vanderburg . . 69,647 

Fairmount, Grant 2,506 

Fairview Park, Vermilion. 630 

Farmersburg, Sullivan . . . 1,115 

Farmland, Randolph 907 

Ferdinand, Dubois 827 

Fisher's Station, Hamilton 188 

Flora, Carroll 1,386 

Fortville, Decatur Ill 

Ft. Branch, Gibson 1,182 

Ft. Wayne, Allen 63,933 

Fortville, Hancock 1,174 

Fountain City, Wayne . . 448 

Fowler, Benton 1,491 

Fowlerton, Grant 293 

Francesville, Pulaski .... 729 

Francisco, Gibson 407 

Frankfort, Clinton 8,634 

Franklin, Johnson 4,502 

Frankton, Madison 936 



134 



Fredericksburg-, Wash'ton 271 

Fremont, Steuben . 694 

French Lick, Orange .... 1,803 

Fulton, Fulton 296 

Galveston, Cass £58 

Garrett, Dekalb . 4,149 

Gary, Lake 16,802 

Gas City, Grant 3,224 

Gaston, Delaware 638 

Geneva, Adams . . 1,140 

Gentryville, Spencer 383 

Georgetown, Floyd 331 

Glenwood, Ilush 266 

Goodland, Newton . 1,105 

Goshen, Elkhart 8,514 

Gosport, Owen 776 

Grandview, Spencer ..... 735 

Greencastle, Putnam .... 3,790 

Greendale, Dearborn ..... 697 

Greenfield, Hancock 4,448 

Greensboro, Henry 250 

Greensburg, Decatur 5,420 

Greentown, Howard 1,166 

Greenville, Floyd 227 

Greenwood, Johnson ...... .1,608 

Griffin, Posey . . 275 

Griffith, Lake 523 

Hagerstown, Wayne 936 

Hamlet, Starke 579 

Hammond, Lake 20,925 

Hanover, Jefferson 356 

Hardinsburg, Washington 254 

Hartford, Blackford 6,187 

Hartsville, Bartholomew . 358 

Hazleton, Gibson 648 

Hebron, Porter 821 

Hillsboro, Fountain ...... 528 

Hobart, Lake 1,753 

Hope, Bartholomew 1,223 

Hudson, Steuben 390 

Huntingburg,. Dubois .... 2,464 

Huntington, Huntington.. 10,272 

Huron, Lawrence 197 

Hymera, Sullivan 1,515 

Indianapolis, Marion . . . .263,650 

Ingalls, Madison 322 

Jamestown, Boone 690 

Jasonville, Greene . 3,295 

Jasper, Dubois 2,196 

Jeffersonville, Clark 10,412 

Jonesboro, Grant 1,573 

Jonesville, Bartholomew. . 213 

Judson, Parke 141 

Kempton, Tipton 600 

Kendallville, Noble 4,981 

Kennard, Henry 449 

Kentland, Newton 1,209 

Kewanna, Fulton . 72S 

Keystone, Wells 242 

Kingman, Fountain 535 

Kirklin, Clinton 699 

Knightstown, Henry ..... 2,008 

Knightsville, Clay ....... 1,081 



Knox, Starke 1,644 

KOkomo, Howard . 17,010 

Lafontaine, Wabash ..... 68:: 

Laconia, Harrison . ... 82 

Ladoga, Montgomery .... 1,14S 

Lafayette, Tippecanoe . . . 20,081 

Lagrange, Lagrange 1,772 

Lagro, Wabash 463 

Lakeville, St. Joseph .... 227 

Lanesville, Harrison .... 290 

Lapel, Madison 1,045 

LaPorte, LaPorte 10,525 

Laurel, Franklin ........ 50;} 

Lawrenceburg, Dearborn. . 3,930 

Leavenworth, Crawford . . 690 

Lebanon, Boone 5,479 

Leesburg, Kosciusko 401. 

Lewisville, Henry . 446 

Liberty, Union . 1,338 

Ligonier, Noble 2,173 

Linden, Montgomery .... 556 

Linton, Greene .......... 5,90C 

Little York, Washington. . 195 

Livonia, Washington .... 197 

Lizton, Hendricks 224 

Logansport, Cass 19,050 

Loogootee, Martin . 2,154 

Lowell, Lake 1,235 

Lvnn, Randolph 917 

Lynnville, Warrick 297 

Lyons, Greene ..,,. 993 

Macy, Miami . 320 

Madison, Jefferson 6,934 

Marengo, Crawford 686 

Marion, Grant 19,35.9 

Markle, Huntington 820 

Marshall, Parke 334 

Martinsville, Morgan .... 4,529 

Matthews, Grant 68 S 

Mauckport, Harrison .... 279 

Medaryville, Pulaski 710 

Mellott, Fountain 372 

Mentone, Kosciusko 728 

Merom, Sullivan 521 

Michigan City, LaPorte. . . 19,024 

Michigantown, Clinton... 395 

Middlebury, Elkhart 600 

Middletown, Henry 1,174 

Milan, Ripley 557 

Milford, Decatur 169 

Milford, Kosciusko 814 

Miller, Lake 63S 

Millersburg, Elkhart 428 

Millhouse,. Decatur 211 

Milltown, Crawford . . 586 

Milton, Wayne 601 

Mishawaka, St. Joseph . . 11,886 

Mitchell, Lawrence 3,4SS 

Modoc, Randolph 261 

Monon, White 1,184 

Monroe, Adams 334 

. Monroe City, Knox 630 

Monroeville, Allen 910 



135 



Monterey, Pulaski 260 

Montezuma, Parke 1,537 

Montgomery, Daviess . . . 511 

Monticello, White 2,168 

Montpelier, Blackford . . . 2,786 

Moorefield, Switzerland . . 91 

Mooreland, Henry 455 

Moores Hill, Dearborn . . . 424 

Mooresville, Morgan 1,608 

Morgantown, Morgan .... 667 

Morocco, Newton 927 

Morristown, Shelby 622 

Mt. Auburn, Wayne 167 

Mt. Ayr, Newton 231 

Mt. Carmel, Franklin 142 

Mt. Etna, Huntington ... 148 

Mt. Vernon, Posey 5,563 

Muncie, Delaware 24,005 

M'unster, Lake 543 

Nappanee, Elkhart 2,260 

Nashville, Brown 354 

New Albany, Floyd 20,629 

New Amsterdam, Harrison 134 

New Carlisle, St. Joseph. . 612 

New Castle, Henry 9,446 

New Chicago, Lake 105 

New Harmonv, Posey .... 1,229 

New Haven, Allen ... 1,038 

New Market, Montgomery 334 

New Middleton, Harrison 145 

New Palestine, Hancock. 450 

New Pekin, Washington.. 246 

New Providence, Clark. . . 350 

New Richmond, Montg'ry 464 

New Ross, Montgomery. . 296 

Newberry, Greene 455 

Newburg, Warrick 1,097 

Newpoint, Decatur 341 

Newport, Vermilion 732 

Noblesville, Hamilton .... 5,073 

Normal City, Delaware . . 1,122 

North Judson, Starke 1,143 

North Liberty, St. Joseph 681 

N. Manchester, Wabash.. 2,428 

North Salem, Hendricks.. 569 

North Vernon, Jennings.. 2,915 

Oakland City, Gibson 2,370 

Oaktown, Knox 608 

Odon, Daviess 1,064 

Oldenburg, Franklin 956 

Oolitic, Lawrence 1,079 

Orestes, Madison 420 

Orleans, Orange 1,367 

Osgood, Ripley 1,169 

Ossian, Wells 661 

Otterbein, Benton 652 

Owensville, Gibson 1,237 

Oxford, Benton 1,010 

Palmyra, Harrison 252 

Paoli, Orange 1,278 

Paragon, Morgan 409 

Parker, Randolph 800 

Patoka, Gibson 657 



Patriot, Switzerland 340 

Pendleton, Madison 1,293 

Pennville, Jay 800 

Peru, Miami 10,910 

Petersburg, Pike 2,170 

Pierceton, Kosciusko .... 817 

Pinevillage, Warren 352 

Pittsboro, Hendricks 408 

Plainfield, Hendricks 1,303 

Plymouth, Marshall 3,838 

Poneto, Wells 308 

Port Fulton, Clark 1,060 

Porter, Porter 524 

Portland, Jay 5,130 

Poseyville, Posey 780 

Princeton, Gibson 6,448 

Redkey, Jay 1,714 

Remington, Jasper 982 

Rensselaer, Jasper 2,393 

Reynolds. White 377 

Richmond, Wayne 22,324 

Ridgeview, Miami 440 

Ridgeville, Randolph 1,302 

Rising Sun, Ohio 1,513 

River Park, St. Joseph... 1,505 

Riverside, Delaware 863 

Roachdale, Putnam 849 

Roann, Wabash 447 

Roanoke. Huntington .... 699 

Rochester, Fulton 3,364 

Rockport, Spencer 2,736 

Rockville, Parke 1,943 

Rosedale, Parke 1,166 

Rossville, Clinton 677 

Royal Center, Cass 909 

Rushville, Rush 4,925 

Russellville, Putnam .... 443 

St. Joe, Dakalb 391 

St. Leon, Dearborn 261 

St. Meinard, Spencer .... 538 

Salamonia, Jay 169 

Salem, Washington 2,283 

Saltillo, Washington .... 162 

Sandborn, Knox 445 

Saratoga, Randolph 410 

Scottsburg, Scott 1,669 

Seelyville, Vigo 1,188 

Sellersburg, Clark 676 

Selma, Delaware 350 

Seymour, Jackson 6,305 

Shelburn, Sullivan 2,055 

Shelbyville, Shelby 9,500 

Sheridan, Hamilton 1,768 

Shirley, Hancock 1,519 

Shirley City, Allen 375 

Shoals, Martin 1,015 

Silver Grove, Floyd 783 

Silver Lake, Kosciusko . . 493 

South Bend, St. Joseph.. 53,684 

South Peru, Miami 866 

South Whitley, Whitley.. 1,176 

Southport, Marion 352 

Spencer, Owen 2,150 



136 



Spiceland, Henry 

Staunton, Clay 

Stinesville, Monroe 

Straughn, Henry 

Sullivan, Sullivan 4 

Sulphur Springs, Henry . . 
Summitville, Madison ... 1 

Sunman, Ripley 

Swayzee, Grant 

Syracuse, Kosciusko 1 

Tell City, Perry 3 

Tennyson, Warrick 

Terre Haute, Vigo 50 

Thorntown, Boone 1 

Tipton, Tipton 4 

Troy, Perry 

Union City, Randolph .... 3 

Upland, Grant 1 

Valparaiso, Porter 6 

Vanburen, Grant 1 

Veedersburg, Fountain ... 1 

Vernon, Jennings 

Versailles, Ripley 

Vevay, Switzerland 1. 

Vincennes, Knox 14 

Wabash, Wabash 8 

Wakarusa, Elkhart 

Walkerton, St. Joseph ... 1 



The Thirty 

London, England 6 

New York, U. S. A 4 

Paris, France 2 

Chicago, U. S. A 2 

Tokio, Japan 2 

Vienna, Austria 2 

Berlin, Germany 2 

St. Petersburg, Russia. 1 

Canton, China 1 

Peking, China 1 

Philadelphia, U. S. A. . 1 

Moscow, Russia 1 

Buenos Ayres, Argen- 
tina 1 

Constantinople, Turkey 1 

Osaka, Japan 1 



622 

746 
497 
543 
115 
209 
387 
353 
836 
379 
369 
371 
,157 
508 
075 
510 
209 
080 
987 
189 
757 
453 
486 
256 
,895 
687 
859 
003 



Wallace, Fountain 116 

Walton, Cass 579 

Warren, Huntington .... 1,189 

Warsaw, Kosciusko 4,430 

Washington, Daviess .... 7,851 

Waterloo, Dekalb 1,167 

Waveland, Montgomery . . 676 

Waynetown, Montgomery 734 

West Baden, Orange .... 746 

W. Lafayette, Tippecanoe 3,867 

West Lebanon, Warren. . 6 42 

West Terre Haute, Vigo 3,083 

Westfield, Hamilton 700 

Westport, Decatur 675 

Westville, LaPorte 503 

Wheatfield, Jasper 357 

Whiteland, Johnson 343 

Whiting, Lake . .* 6,587 

Williamsport, Warren . . . 1,243 

Winamac, Pulaski 1,607 

Winchester, Randolph . . . 4,266 

Windfall, Tipton 899 

Wingate, Montgomery ... 446 

Winslow, Pike 932 

Wolcott, White 873 

Wolcottville, Lagrange . . 627 

Worthington, Greene .... 1,732 

Zionsville, Boone 840 



Largest 

,600,000 
,760,000 
,760,000 
,190,000 
,175,000 
,100,000 
,045,000 
,680,000 
,600,000 
,600,000 
,550,000 
,360,000 

,250,000 
,125,000 
,117,000 



Cities on the Globe. 

Calcutta, India 

Shanghai, China 
Rio Janeiro, Brazil . . 
Hamburg, Germany . 

Bombay, India 

Warsaw, Russia 
Glasgow, Scotland . . 
Buda-Pesth, Austria. 
Liverpool, England . . 
St. Louis. U. S. A. 

Boston, U. S. A 

Cairo, Egypt 

Manchester, England 
Cleveland, U. S. A. 
Baltimore, U. S. A. 



The Thirty Larg-est Cities in the United States. 



New York, N. Y 4,760,000 

Chicago, 111 2,190,000 

Philadelphia, U. S. A. . . 1,550,000 

St. Louis, Mb 690,000 

Boston, Mass 670,000 

Cleveland, Ohio 575,000 

Baltimore, Md 560,000 

Pittsburgh, Pa 533,000 

Detroit, Mich 466,000 

Buffalo, N. Y 424,000 

San Francisco, Cal 417,000 

Milwaukee, Wis 374,000 

Cincinnati, Ohio 364,000 

Newark, N. J 349,000 

New Orleans, La 339,000 



Washington, D. C. 
Los Angeles, Cal. . 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Jersey City, N. J. . 
Kansas City, Mo. . . 

Seattle, Wash 

Indianapolis, Ind. . 
Providence, R. I. 

Louisville, Ky 

Rochester, N. Y. 

St. Paul, Minn 

Denver, Colo 

Portland, Oregon . . 
Columbus, Ohio . . . 
Toledo, Ohio 



1,026,000 
1,000,000 
811,000 
802,000 
776,000 
756,000 
735,000 
732,000 
702,000 
690,000 
670,000 
654,000 
606,000 
575,000 
560,000 



331,000 
319,000 
301,000 
267,000 
248,000 
237,000 
233,000 
224,000 
224,000 
218,000 
214,000 
213,000 
207,000 
181,000 
168,000 



137 
INDEX 

Page 

Auditor 48 

Cities 67 

Coroner 54 

Courts and Court Proceedings 59 

County Assessor 56 

County Clerk 49 

County Commissioners and County Council 43 

County Officials 12 

County Recorder 47 

County Superintendent 50 

County Surveyor 55 

County Treasurer 42 

Drainage Commissioners 55 

Government and Anarchy 109 

Grand Jury 57 

Health and Safety 104 

Historical Sketch 94 

How Juries Are Chosen 58 

How Lands Are Surveyed 92 

Indiana and the Nation 9 

Justice of the Peace 64 

Legislature at Work 33 

Law of Contracts 84 

Laws, Lawyers and Practice of Law 37 

Political Parties 79 

Poor House 69 

Prosecuting Attorney 64 

Road Supervisor 73 

Roads and Highways 89 

Sheriff 50 

State School System 75 

State Government 100 

School Fund 77 

Towns 66 

Township Officers 14 

Township Assessor and Taxation 40 

Township Trustee 69 

Attendance Officer 52 



18 1913 



